The Role of Pre-Treatment Traumatic Stress Symptoms in Adolescent Substance Use Treatment Outcomes

References

• Abram, K. M., Teplin, L. A., King, D. C., Longworth, S. L., Emanuel, K. M., Romero, E. G., … Olson, N. D. (2013). Juvenile justice bulletin: PTSD, trauma, and comorbid psychiatric disorders in detained youth (NCJ 239603). http://www.ojjdp.gov/pubs/239603.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Acierno, R., Resnick, H., Kilpatrick, D. G., Saunders, B., & Best, C. L. (1999). Risk factors for rape, physical assault, and posttraumatic stress disorder in women: Examination of differential multivariate relationships. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 13(6), 541–563. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0887-6185(99)00030-4
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Adams, Z. W., McCauley, J. L., Back, S. E., Flanagan, J. C., Hanson, R. F., Killeen, T. K., & Danielson, C. K. (2016). Clinician perspectives on treating adolescents with co-occurring post-traumatic stress disorder, substance use, and other problems. Journal of Child & Adolescent Substance Abuse, 25(6), 575–583. https://doi.org/10.1080/1067828X.2016.1153555
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Asnaani, A., & Hall-Clark, B. (2017). Recent developments in understanding ethnocultural and race differences in trauma exposure and PTSD. Current Opinion in Psychology, 14, 96–101. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.copsyc.2016.12.005
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Azrin, N., Sisson, R., Meyers, R., & Godley, M. (1982). Outpatient alcoholism treatment by community reinforcement and disulfiram therapy. Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry, 13(2), 105–112. https://doi.org/10.1016/0005-7916(82)90050-7
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Banks, D. E., Rowe, A. T., Mpofu, P., & Zapolski, T. C. B. (2017). Trends in typologies of concurrent alcohol, marijuana, and cigarette use among US adolescents: An ecological examination by sex and race/ethnicity. Drug and Alcohol Dependence, 179, 71–77. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2017.06.026
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Berenz, E. C., & Coffey, S. F. (2012). Treatment of co-occurring posttraumatic stress disorder and substance use disorders. Current Psychiatry Reports, 14(5), 469–477. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11920-012-0300-0
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chilcoat, H. D., & Breslau, N. (1998). Investigations of causal pathways between PTSD and drug use disorders. Addictive Behaviors, 23(6), 827–840. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0306-4603(98)00069-0
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Coffey, S. F., Saladin, M. E., Drobes, D. J., Brady, K. T., Dansky, B. S., & Kilpatrick, D. G. (2002). Trauma and substance cue reactivity in individuals with comorbid posttraumatic stress disorder and cocaine or alcohol dependence. Drug and Alcohol Dependence, 65(2), 115–127. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0376-8716(01)00157-0
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Coffman, D. L., & Vegetabile, B. (2021). twangContinuous: Toolkit for Weighting and Analysis of Non-equivalent Groups - Continuous Exposures. In (Version 1.0.0) https://cran.r-project.org/package=twangContinuous
   Google Scholar
• Coffman, D. L., Zhou, J., & Cai, X. (2020). Comparison of methods for handling covariate missingness in propensity score estimation with a binary exposure. BMC Medical Research Methodology, 20(1), 168. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12874-020-01053-4
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Coffman, D. L., Zhou, J. X., Cai, X. Z., & Graham, J. W. (2018). Addressing missing data in confounders when estimating propensity scores for continuous exposures. Health Services and Outcomes Research Methodology, 18(4), 265–286. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10742-018-0191-6
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cole, P. M. (2014). Moving ahead in the study of the development of emotion regulation. International Journal of Behavioral Development, 38(2), 203–207. https://doi.org/10.1177/0165025414522170
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Danielson, C. K., Adams, Z., McCart, M. R., Chapman, J. E., Sheidow, A. J., Walker, J., Smalling, A., & de Arellano, M. A. (2020). Safety and efficacy of exposure-based risk reduction through family therapy for co-occurring substance use problems and posttraumatic stress disorder symptoms among adolescents: A randomized clinical trial. JAMA Psychiatry, 77(6), 574–586. https://doi.org/10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2019.4803
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Danielson, C. K., Macdonald, A., Amstadter, A. B., Hanson, R., de Arellano, M. A., Saunders, B. E., & Kilpatrick, D. G. (2010). Risky behaviors and depression in conjunction with—Or in the absence of—lifetime history of PTSD among sexually abused adolescents. Child Maltreatment, 15(1), 101–107. https://doi.org/10.1177/1077559509350075
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dennis, M., Chan, Y. F., & Funk, R. R. (2006). Development and validation of the GAIN Short Screener (GSS) for internalizing, externalizing and substance use disorders and crime/violence problems among adolescents and adults. American Journal on Addictions, 15(s1), 80–91. https://doi.org/10.1080/10550490601006055
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Dennis, M., Godley, S. H., Diamond, G., Tims, F. M., Babor, T., Donaldson, J., Liddle, H., Titus, J. C., Kaminer, Y., Webb, C., Hamilton, N., & Funk, R. (2004). The Cannabis Youth Treatment (CYT) study: Main findings from two randomized trials. Journal of Substance Abuse Treatment, 27(3), 197–213. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsat.2003.09.005
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dennis, M. L., Titus, J. C., White, M. K., Unsicker, J. I., & Hodgkins, D. (2003). Global appraisal of individual needs: Administration guide for the GAIN and related measures. Chestnut Health Systems.
   Google Scholar
• Funk, R. R., McDermeit, M., Godley, S. H., & Adams, L. (2003). Maltreatment issues by level of adolescent substance abuse treatment: The extent of the problem at intake and relationship to early outcomes. Child Maltreatment, 8(1), 36–45. https://doi.org/10.1177/1077559502239607
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• GAIN Coordinating Center (2013). NORMS including Alpha, Mean, N, SD, ICC for adolescents (12–17), young adults (18–25) and adults (18+) by gender race and age using the CSAT 2012 SA dataset (excluding ATM & CYT) [electronic version]. https://gaincc.org/data-statistics/encyclopedia-norms-psychometrics/
   Google Scholar
• Garner, B. R., Hunter, B. D., Smith, D. C., Smith, J. E., & Godley, M. D. (2014). The relationship between child maltreatment and substance abuse treatment outcomes among emerging adults and adolescents. Child Maltreatment, 19(3-4), 261–269. https://doi.org/10.1177/1077559514547264
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Giaconia, R. M., Reinherz, H. Z., Hauf, A. C., Paradis, A. D., Wasserman, M. S., & Langhammer, D. M. (2000). Comorbidity of substance use and post-traumatic stress disorders in a community sample of adolescents. The American Journal of Orthopsychiatry, 70(2), 253–262. https://doi.org/10.1037/h0087634
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Godley, M. D., Godley, S. H., Dennis, M. L., Funk, R., & Passetti, L. (2002). Preliminary outcomes from the assertive continuing care experiment for adolescents discharged from residential treatment. Journal of Substance Abuse Treatment, 23(1), 21–32. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0740-5472(02)00230-1
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Godley, S., Smith, J., Meyers, R., & Godley, M. (2016). The adolescent community reinforcement approach: A clinical guide for treating substance use disorders. Chestnut Health Systems. https://www.amazon.com/Adolescent-Community-Reinforcement-Approach-Substance/dp/0998058009
   Google Scholar
• Godley, S. H., Garner, B. R., Smith, J. E., Meyers, R. J., & Godley, M. D. (2011). A large scale dissemination and implementation model for evidence-based treatment and continuing care. Clinical Psychology: A Publication of the Division of Clinical Psychology of the American Psychological Association, 18(1), 67–83. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-2850.2011.01236.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Godley, S. H., Hunter, B. D., Fernandez-Artamendi, S., Smith, J. E., Meyers, R. J., & Godley, M. D. (2014). A comparison of treatment outcomes for adolescent community reinforcement approach participants with and without co-occurring problems. Journal of Substance Abuse Treatment, 46(4), 463–471. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsat.2013.10.013
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gray, K. M., & Squeglia, L. M. (2018). Research review: What have we learned about adolescent substance use? Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, and Allied Disciplines, 59(6), 618–627. https://doi.org/10.1111/jcpp.12783
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gros, D. F., Price, M., Magruder, K. M., & Frueh, B. C. (2012). Symptom overlap in posttraumatic stress disorder and major depression. Psychiatry Research, 196(2-3), 267–270. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychres.2011.10.022
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gullone, E., Hughes, E. K., King, N. J., & Tonge, B. (2010). The normative development of emotion regulation strategy use in children and adolescents: A 2‐year follow‐up study. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, and Allied Disciplines, 51(5), 567–574. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-7610.2009.02183.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hawkins, E. H. (2009). A tale of two systems: Co-occurring mental health and substance abuse disorders treatment for adolescents. Annual Review of Psychology, 60, 197–227. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.psych.60.110707.163456
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hawn, S. E., Cusack, S. E., & Amstadter, A. B. (2020). A systematic review of the self-medication hypothesis in the context of posttraumatic stress disorder and comorbid problematic alcohol use. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 33(5), 699–708. https://doi.org/10.1002/jts.22521
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hildebrand, A., Behrendt, S., & Hoyer, J. (2015). Treatment outcome in substance use disorder patients with and without comorbid posttraumatic stress disorder: A systematic review. Psychotherapy Research: Journal of the Society for Psychotherapy Research, 25(5), 565–582. https://doi.org/10.1080/10503307.2014.923125
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Honaker, J., King, G., & Blackwell, M. (2010). Package ‘Amelia’.
   Google Scholar
• Imai, K., & van Dyk, D. A. (2004). Causal inference with general treatment regimes: Generalizing the propensity score. Journal of the American Statistical Association, 99(467), 854–866. https://doi.org/10.1198/016214504000001187
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jacobsen, L. K., Southwick, S. M., & Kosten, T. R. (2001). Substance use disorders in patients with posttraumatic stress disorder: A review of the literature. The American Journal of Psychiatry, 158(8), 1184–1190. https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.ajp.158.8.1184
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jaycox, L. H., Ebener, P., Damesek, L., & Becker, K. (2004). Trauma exposure and retention in adolescent substance abuse treatment. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 17(2), 113–121. https://doi.org/10.1023/B:JOTS.0000022617.41299.39
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jensen, C. D., Cushing, C. C., Aylward, B. S., Craig, J. T., Sorell, D. M., & Steele, R. G. (2011). Effectiveness of motivational interviewing interventions for adolescent substance use behavior change: A meta-analytic review. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 79(4), 433–440. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0023992
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kaysen, D., Atkins, D. C., Simpson, T. L., Stappenbeck, C. A., Blayney, J. A., Lee, C. M., & Larimer, M. E. (2014). Proximal relationships between PTSD symptoms and drinking among female college students: Results from a daily monitoring study. Psychology of Addictive Behaviors: Journal of the Society of Psychologists in Addictive Behaviors, 28(1), 62–73. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0033588
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Khantzian, E. J. (1997). The self-medication hypothesis of substance use disorders: A reconsideration and recent applications. Harvard Review of Psychiatry, 4(5), 231–244. https://doi.org/10.3109/10673229709030550
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kilpatrick, D. G., Ruggiero, K. J., Acierno, R., Saunders, B. E., Resnick, H. S., & Best, C. L. (2003). Violence and risk of PTSD, major depression, substance abuse/dependence, and comorbidity: Results from the National Survey of Adolescents. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 71(4), 692–700. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-006x.71.4.692
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kloos, A., Weller, R. A., Chan, R., & Weller, E. B. (2009). Gender differences in adolescent substance abuse. Current Psychiatry Reports, 11(2), 120–126. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11920-009-0019-8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lippold, M. A., Coffman, D. L., & Greenberg, M. T. (2014). Investigating the potential causal relationship between parental knowledge and youth risky behavior: A propensity score analysis. Prevention Science: The Official Journal of the Society for Prevention Research, 15(6), 869–878. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11121-013-0443-1
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lopez, C. M., Andrews, A. R., Chisolm, A. M., de Arellano, M. A., Saunders, B., & Kilpatrick, D. G. (2017). Racial/ethnic differences in trauma exposure and mental health disorders in adolescents. Cultural Diversity & Ethnic Minority Psychology, 23(3), 382–387. https://doi.org/10.1037/cdp0000126
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Maria-Rios, C. E., & Morrow, J. D. (2020). Mechanisms of shared vulnerability to post-traumatic stress disorder and substance use disorders. Frontiers in Behavioral Neuroscience, 14, 6. https://doi.org/10.3389/fnbeh.2020.00006
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McCauley, J. L., Killeen, T., Gros, D. F., Brady, K. T &., & Back, S. E. (2012). Posttraumatic stress disorder and co-occurring substance use disorders: Advances in assessment and treatment. Clinical Psychology: Science and Practice, 19(3), 283–304. https://doi.org/10.1111/cpsp.12006
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McGovern, M. P., Lambert-Harris, C., Xie, H., Meier, A., McLeman, B., & Saunders, E. (2015). A randomized controlled trial of treatments for co-occurring substance use disorders and post-traumatic stress disorder. Addiction (Abingdon, England), 110(7), 1194–1204. https://doi.org/10.1111/add.12943
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McLaughlin, K. A., Alvarez, K., Fillbrunn, M., Green, J. G., Jackson, J. S., Kessler, R. C., Sadikova, E., Sampson, N. A., Vilsaint, C. L., Williams, D. R., & Alegria, M. (2019). Racial/ethnic variation in trauma-related psychopathology in the United States: A population-based study. Psychological Medicine, 49(13), 2215–2226. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0033291718003082
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Meyers, R. J., & Smith, J. E. (1995). Clinical guide to alcohol treatment: The community reinforcement approach. Guilford Press.
   Google Scholar
• Modisette, K., Hand, R., Estrada, B., & Dennis, M. L. (2021). Norms, characteristics, and psychometrics using the Global Appraisal of Individual Needs (GAIN) 2018 Data Set [Electronic version]. Chestnut Health Systems’ GAIN Coordinating Center.
   Google Scholar
• Nooner, K. B., Linares, L. O., Batinjane, J., Kramer, R. A., Silva, R., & Cloitre, M. (2012). Factors related to posttraumatic stress disorder in adolescence. Trauma, Violence & Abuse, 13(3), 153–166. https://doi.org/10.1177/1524838012447698
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ouimette, P., Coolhart, D., Funderburk, J. S., Wade, M., & Brown, P. J. (2007). Precipitants of first substance use in recently abstinent substance use disorder patients with PTSD. Addictive Behaviors, 32(8), 1719–1727. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.addbeh.2006.11.020
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Reed, P. L., Anthony, J. C., & Breslau, N. (2007). Incidence of drug problems in young adults exposed to trauma and posttraumatic stress disorder: Do early life experiences and predispositions matter? Archives of General Psychiatry, 64(12), 1435–1442. https://doi.org/10.1001/archpsyc.64.12.1435
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Robins, J. M., Hernan, M. A., & Brumback, B. (2000). Marginal structural models and causal inference in epidemiology. Epidemiology (Cambridge, Mass.), 11(5), 550–560. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10955408 https://doi.org/10.1097/00001648-200009000-00011
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rosenbaum, P. R., & Rubin, D. B. (1983). The central role of the propensity score in observational studies for causal effects. Biometrika, 70(1), 41–55. https://doi.org/10.1093/biomet/70.1.41
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rubin, D. B. (1987). Multiple imputation for nonresponse in surveys. John Wiley and Sons.
   Google Scholar
• Saladin, M. E., Drobes, D. J., Coffey, S. F., Dansky, B. S., Brady, K. T., & Kilpatrick, D. G. (2003). PTSD symptom severity as a predictor of cue-elicited drug craving in victims of violent crime. Addictive Behaviors, 28(9), 1611–1629. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.addbeh.2003.08.037
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Saunders, B. E., & Adams, Z. W. (2014). Epidemiology of traumatic experiences in childhood. Child and Adolescent Psychiatric Clinics of North America, 23(2), 167–184, vii. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chc.2013.12.003
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schulenberg, J. E., Maslowsky, J., Patrick, M. E., & Martz, M. E. (2015). Substance use in the context of adolescent development. In R. A. Zucker & S. A. Brown (Eds.), The Oxford handbook of adolescent substance abuse. Oxford University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Schuler, M. S., Chu, W., & Coffman, D. L. (2016). Propensity score weighting for a continuous exposure with multilevel data. Health Services & Outcomes Research Methodology, 16(4), 271–292. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10742-016-0157-5
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Sharkansky, E. J., Brief, D. J., Peirce, J. M., Meehan, J. C., & Mannix, L. M. (1999). Substance abuse patients with posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD): Identifying specific triggers of substance use and their associations with PTSD symptoms. Psychology of Addictive Behaviors, 13(2), 89–97. https://doi.org/10.1037/0893-164X.13.2.89
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shih, R. A., Miles, J. N., Tucker, J. S., Zhou, A. J., & D’Amico, E. J. (2010). Racial/ethnic differences in adolescent substance use: Mediation by individual, family, and school factors. Journal of Studies on Alcohol and Drugs, 71(5), 640–651. https://doi.org/10.15288/jsad.2010.71.640
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Simpson, T. L., Stappenbeck, C. A., Luterek, J. A., Lehavot, K., & Kaysen, D. L. (2014). Drinking motives moderate daily relationships between PTSD symptoms and alcohol use. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 123(1), 237–247. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0035193
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stewart, S. H., & Conrod, P. J. (2008). Anxiety disorder and substance use disorder co-morbidity: Common themes and future directions. In Anxiety and substance use disorders (pp. 239–257). Springer.
   Google Scholar
• Stewart, S. H., Conrod, P. J., Samoluk, S. B., Pihl, R. O., & Dongier, M. (2000). Posttraumatic stress disorder symptoms and situation-specific drinking in women substance abusers. Alcoholism Treatment Quarterly, 18(3), 31–47. https://doi.org/10.1300/J020v18n03_04
   Google Scholar
• Suarez, L. M., Belcher, H. M., Briggs, E. C., & Titus, J. C. (2012). Supporting the need for an integrated system of care for youth with co-occurring traumatic stress and substance abuse problems. American Journal of Community Psychology, 49(3-4), 430–440. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10464-011-9464-8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tanner-Smith, E. E., Wilson, S. J., & Lipsey, M. W. (2013). The comparative effectiveness of outpatient treatment for adolescent substance abuse: A meta-analysis. Journal of Substance Abuse Treatment, 44(2), 145–158. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsat.2012.05.006
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Thrash, C. R., & Warner, T. D. (2016). The geography of normative climates: An application to adolescent substance use. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 45(8), 1587–1603. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10964-016-0444-z
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Titus, J. C., Dennis, M. L., White, W. L., Scott, C. K., & Funk, R. R. (2003). Gender differences in victimization severity and outcomes among adolescents treated for substance abuse. Child Maltreatment, 8(1), 19–35. https://doi.org/10.1177/1077559502239612
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Tolin, D. F., & Foa, E. B. (2006). Sex differences in trauma and posttraumatic stress disorder: A quantitative review of 25 years of research. Psychological Bulletin, 132(6), 959–992. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-2909.132.6.959
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Turner, W. C., Muck, R. D., Muck, R. J., Stephens, R. L., & Sukumar, B. (2004). Co-occurring disorders in the adolescent mental health and substance abuse treatment systems. Journal of Psychoactive Drugs, 36(4), 455–462. https://doi.org/10.1080/02791072.2004.10524428
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vilsaint, C. L., NeMoyer, A., Fillbrunn, M., Sadikova, E., Kessler, R. C., Sampson, N. A., Alvarez, K., Green, J. G., McLaughlin, K. A., Chen, R., Williams, D. R., Jackson, J. S., & Alegria, M. (2019). Racial/ethnic differences in 12-month prevalence and persistence of mood, anxiety, and substance use disorders: Variation by nativity and socioeconomic status. Comprehensive Psychiatry, 89, 52–60. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.comppsych.2018.12.008
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vreven, D. L., Gudanowski, D. M., King, L. A., & King, D. W. (1995). The civilian version of the Mississippi PTSD Scale: A psychometric evaluation. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 8(1), 91–109. https://doi.org/10.1002/jts.2490080107
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Weathers, F. W., Bovin, M. J., Lee, D. J., Sloan, D. M., Schnurr, P. P., Kaloupek, D. G., Keane, T. M., & Marx, B. P. (2018). The clinician-administered PTSD scale for DSM-5 (CAPS-5): Development and initial psychometric evaluation in military veterans. Psychological Assessment, 30(3), 383–395. https://doi.org/10.1037/pas0000486
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wieferink, C. E. M., de Haan, H. A., Dijkstra, B. A. G., Fledderus, M., & Kok, T. (2017). Treatment of substance use disorders: Effects on patients with higher or lower levels of PTSD symptoms. Addictive Behaviors, 74, 122–126. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.addbeh.2017.06.005
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhu, Y., Coffman, D. L., & Ghosh, D. (2015). A boosting algorithm for estimating generalized propensity scores with continuous treatments. Journal of Causal Inference, 3(1), 25–40. https://doi.org/10.1515/jci-2014-0022
   PubMedGoogle Scholar