Using Social Media to Examine Themes Surrounding Fentanyl Misuse and Risk Indicators

References

• Ahmad, F. B., Rossen, L. M., & Sutton, P. (2021). Provisional drug overdose death counts. National Center for Health Statistics. 12.
   Google Scholar
• Al-Rawi, A. (2019). The fentanyl crisis & the dark side of social media. Telematics and Informatics, 45, 101280. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tele.2019.101280
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• American Psychological Association. (2013). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (DSM-5®). American Psychiatric Pub.
   Google Scholar
• Andalibi, N., Haimson, O. L., De Choudhury, M., & Forte, A. (2016). Understanding social media disclosures of sexual abuse through the lenses of support seeking and anonymity [Paper presentation] Proceedings of the 2016 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems.
   Google Scholar
• Andreas, J. B., Lauritzen, G., & Nordfjærn, T. (2015). Co-occurrence between mental distress and poly-drug use: A ten year prospective study of patients from substance abuse treatment. Addictive Behaviors, 48, 71–78. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.addbeh.2015.05.001
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ashford, R. D., Bergman, B. G., Kelly, J. F., & Curtis, B. (2020). Systematic review: Digital recovery support services used to support substance use disorder recovery. Human Behavior and Emerging Technologies, 2(1), 18–32. https://doi.org/10.1002/hbe2.148
   Google Scholar
• Ashford, R. D., Lynch, K., & Curtis, B. (2018). Technology and social media use among patients enrolled in outpatient addiction treatment programs: Cross-sectional survey study. Journal of Medical Internet Research, 20(3), e9172. https://doi.org/10.2196/jmir.9172
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Balsamo, D., Bajardi, P., Salomone, A., & Schifanella, R. (2021). Patterns of routes of administration and drug tampering for nonmedical opioid consumption: Data mining and content analysis of Reddit discussions. Journal of Medical Internet Research, 23(1), e21212. https://doi.org/10.2196/21212
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Barthel, M., Stocking, G., Holcomb, J., & Mitchell, A. (2016). Reddit news users more likely to be male, young, and digital in their news preferences. Pew Research Center. https://www.pewresearch.org/journalism/2016/02/25/reddit-news-users-more-likely-to-be-male-young-and-digital-in-their-news-preferences/
   Google Scholar
• Beletsky, L., Seymour, S., Kang, S., Siegel, Z., Sinha, M. S., Marino, R., Dave, A., & Freifeld, C. (2020). Fentanyl panic goes viral: The spread of misinformation about overdose risk from casual contact with fentanyl in mainstream and social media. The International Journal on Drug Policy, 86, 102951. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.drugpo.2020.102951
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Betts, K. S., McIlwraith, F., Dietze, P., Whittaker, E., Burns, L., Cogger, S., & Alati, R. (2015). Can differences in the type, nature or amount of polysubstance use explain the increased risk of non-fatal overdose among psychologically distressed people who inject drugs? Drug and Alcohol Dependence, 154, 76–84. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2015.06.020
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bluthenthal, R. N., Simpson, K., Ceasar, R. C., Zhao, J., Wenger, L., & Kral, A. H. (2020). Opioid withdrawal symptoms, frequency, and pain characteristics as correlates of health risk among people who inject drugs. Drug and Alcohol Dependence, 211, 107932. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2020.107932
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Boddiger, D. (2006). Fentanyl-laced street drugs “kill hundreds”. The Lancet, 368(9535), 569–570. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(06)69181-2
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Braun, V., Clarke, V., & Gray, D. (2017). Collecting qualitative data: A practical guide to textual, media and virtual techniques. Cambridge University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Bremer, P. T., Kimishima, A., Schlosburg, J. E., Zhou, B., Collins, K. C., & Janda, K. D. (2016). Combatting synthetic designer opioids: a conjugate vaccine ablates lethal doses of fentanyl class drugs. Angewandte Chemie, 128(11), 3836–3839. https://doi.org/10.1002/ange.201511654
   Google Scholar
• Britton, P. C., Wines, J. D., Jr,., & Conner, K. R. (2010). Non-fatal overdose in the 12 months following treatment for substance use disorders. Drug and Alcohol Dependence, 107(1), 51–55. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2009.09.005
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Carroll, J. J., Marshall, B. D., Rich, J. D., & Green, T. C. (2017). Exposure to fentanyl-contaminated heroin and overdose risk among illicit opioid users in Rhode Island: A mixed methods study. International Journal of Drug Policy, 46, 136–145. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.drugpo.2017.05.023
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cavazos-Rehg, P. A., Krauss, M. J., Costello, S. J., Ramsey, A. T., Petkas, D., Gunderson, S., Bierut, L. J., & Marsch, L. A. (2020). Delivering information about medication assisted treatment to individuals who misuse opioids through a mobile app: A pilot study. Journal of Public Health, 42(1), 149–154. https://doi.org/10.1093/pubmed/fdy207
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). (2020). Fentanyl. https://www.cdc.gov/drugoverdose/opioids/fentanyl.html
   Google Scholar
• Chan, B., Lopez, A., & Sarkar, U. (2015). The canary in the coal mine tweets: Social media reveals public perceptions of non-medical use of opioids. PloS One, 10(8), e0135072. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0135072
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chancellor, S., Nitzburg, G., Hu, A., Zampieri, F., & De Choudhury, M. (2019). Discovering alternative treatments for opioid use recovery using social media [Paper presentation]. Proceedings of the 2019 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems.
   Google Scholar
• Cicero, T. J., Ellis, M. S., & Kasper, Z. A. (2020). Polysubstance use: A broader understanding of substance use during the opioid crisis. American Journal of Public Health, 110(2), 244–250. https://doi.org/10.2105/AJPH.2019.305412
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Coffin, P. O., Galea, S., Ahern, J., Leon, A. C., Vlahov, D., & Tardiff, K. (2003). Opiates, cocaine and alcohol combinations in accidental drug overdose deaths in New York City, 1990–98. Addiction (Abingdon, England), 98(6), 739–747.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Compton, W. M., Valentino, R. J., & DuPont, R. L. (2021). Polysubstance use in the US opioid crisis. Molecular Psychiatry, 26(1), 41–50. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41380-020-00949-3
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• D’Agostino, A. R., Optican, A. R., Sowles, S. J., Krauss, M. J., Lee, K. E., & Cavazos-Rehg, P. A. (2017). Social networking online to recover from opioid use disorder: a study of community interactions. Drug and Alcohol Dependence, 181, 5–10. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2017.09.010
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Darke, S., & Hall, W. (2003). Heroin overdose: Research and evidence-based intervention. Journal of Urban Health: Bulletin of the New York Academy of Medicine, 80(2), 189–200. https://doi.org/10.1093/jurban/jtg022
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• De Choudhury, M., & Kiciman, E. (2017). The language of social support in social media and its effect on suicidal ideation risk [Paper presentation] Proceedings of the International AAAI Conference on Web and Social Media.
   Google Scholar
• De Choudhury, M., Kiciman, E., Dredze, M., Coppersmith, G., & Kumar, M. (2016). Discovering shifts to suicidal ideation from mental health content in social media [Paper presentation] Proceedings of the 2016 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems.
   Google Scholar
• Degenhardt, L., Mathers, B., Vickerman, P., Rhodes, T., Latkin, C., & Hickman, M. (2010). Prevention of HIV infection for people who inject drugs: Why individual, structural, and combination approaches are needed. The Lancet, 376(9737), 285–301. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(10)60742-8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Friesen, E. L., & Kurdyak, P. (2020). The impact of psychiatric comorbidity on treatment discontinuation among individuals receiving medications for opioid use disorder. Drug and Alcohol Dependence, 216, 108244. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2020.108244
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Garg, S., Taylor, J., El Sherief, M., Kasson, E., Aledavood, T., Riordan, R., Kaiser, N., Cavazos-Rehg, P., & De Choudhury, M. (2021). Detecting risk level in individuals misusing fentanyl utilizing posts from an online community on Reddit. Internet Interventions, 26, 100467. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.invent.2021.100467
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Ghosh, S., Misra, J., Ghosh, S., & Podder, S. (2020, December). Utilizing social media for identifying drug addiction and recovery intervention. In 2020 IEEE International Conference on Big Data (Big Data) (pp. 3413–3422). IEEE.
   Google Scholar
• Han, Y., Yan, W., Zheng, Y., Khan, M. Z., Yuan, K., & Lu, L. (2019). The rising crisis of illicit fentanyl use, overdose, and potential therapeutic strategies. Translational Psychiatry, 9(1), 1–9. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41398-019-0625-0
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Jain, P., Zaher, Z., & Mazid, I. (2020). Opioids on Twitter: A content analysis of conversations regarding prescription drugs on social media and implications for message design. Journal of Health Communication, 25(1), 74–81. https://doi.org/10.1080/10810730.2019.1707911
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jones, C. M., & McCance-Katz, E. F. (2019). Co-occurring substance use and mental disorders among adults with opioid use disorder. Drug and Alcohol Dependence, 197, 78–82. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2018.12.030
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Karila, L., Marillier, M., Chaumette, B., Billieux, J., Franchitto, N., & Benyamina, A. (2019). New synthetic opioids: part of a new addiction landscape. Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews, 106, 133–140. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neubiorev.2018.06.010
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kariisa, M., Davis, N. L., Kumar, S., Seth, P., Mattson, C. L., Chowdhury, F., & Jones, C. M. (2022). Vital signs: Drug overdose deaths, by selected sociodemographic and social determinants of health characteristics—25 states and the District of Columbia, 2019–2020. MMWR. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report, 71(29), 940–947.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kelly, J. F., Dow, S. J., & Westerhoff, C. (2010). Does our choice of substance-related terms influence perceptions of treatment need? An empirical investigation with two commonly used terms. Journal of Drug Issues, 40(4), 805–818. https://doi.org/10.1177/002204261004000403
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kelly, T. M., & Daley, D. C. (2013). Integrated treatment of substance use and psychiatric disorders. Social Work in Public Health, 28(3–4), 388–406. https://doi.org/10.1080/19371918.2013.774673
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kilwein, T. M., Hunt, P., & Looby, A. (2018). A descriptive examination of nonmedical fentanyl use in the United States: Characteristics of use, motives, and consequences. Journal of Drug Issues, 48(3), 409–420. https://doi.org/10.1177/0022042618765726
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kim, S. J., Marsch, L. A., Hancock, J. T., & Das, A. K. (2017). Scaling up research on drug abuse and addiction through social media big data. Journal of Medical Internet Research, 19(10), e353. https://doi.org/10.2196/jmir.6426
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kline, A., Mattern, D., Cooperman, N., Williams, J. M., Dooley-Budsock, P., Foglia, R., & Borys, S. (2021). Opioid overdose in the age of fentanyl: Risk factor differences among subpopulations of overdose survivors. The International Journal on Drug Policy, 90, 103051. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.drugpo.2020.103051
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kosten, T., Aharonovich, E., Nangia, N., Zavod, A., Akerman, S. C., Lopez-Bresnahan, M., & Sullivan, M. A. (2020). Cognitive performance of patients with opioid use disorder transitioned to extended-release injectable naltrexone from buprenorphine: Post hoc analysis of exploratory results of a phase 3 randomized controlled trial. Addictive Behaviors, 111, 106538. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.addbeh.2020.106538
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Krauss, M. J., Sowles, S. J., Mylvaganam, S., Zewdie, K., Bierut, L. J., & Cavazos-Rehg, P. A. (2015). Displays of dabbing marijuana extracts on YouTube. Drug and Alcohol Dependence, 155, 45–51. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2015.08.020
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Krieger, M. S., Goedel, W. C., Buxton, J. A., Lysyshyn, M., Bernstein, E., Sherman, S. G., Rich, J. D., Hadland, S. E., Green, T. C., & Marshall, B. D. L. (2018). Use of rapid fentanyl test strips among young adults who use drugs. The International Journal on Drug Policy, 61, 52–58. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.drugpo.2018.09.009
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Krieger, M. S., Yedinak, J. L., Buxton, J. A., Lysyshyn, M., Bernstein, E., Rich, J. D., Green, T. C., Hadland, S. E., & Marshall, B. D. L. (2018). High willingness to use rapid fentanyl test strips among young adults who use drugs. Harm Reduction Journal, 15(1), 1–9. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12954-018-0213-2
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• LaRue, L., Twillman, R. K., Dawson, E., Whitley, P., Frasco, M. A., Huskey, A., & Guevara, M. G. (2019). Rate of fentanyl positivity among urine drug test results positive for cocaine or methamphetamine. JAMA Network Open, 2(4), e192851–e192851. https://doi.org/10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2019.2851
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Livingston, J. D., Milne, T., Fang, M. L., & Amari, E. (2012). The effectiveness of interventions for reducing stigma related to substance use disorders: A systematic review. Addiction, 107(1), 39–50. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1360-0443.2011.03601.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lu, J., Sridhar, S., Pandey, R., Hasan, M. A., & Mohler, G. (2019). Redditors in recovery: Text mining reddit to investigate transitions into drug addiction. arXiv Preprint arXiv, 1903(04081)
   Google Scholar
• Mackey, T., Kalyanam, J., Klugman, J., Kuzmenko, E., & Gupta, R. (2018). Solution to detect, classify, and report illicit online marketing and sales of controlled substances via Twitter: Using machine learning and web forensics to combat digital opioid access. Journal of Medical Internet Research, 20(4), e10029. https://doi.org/10.2196/10029
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McLean, K., Monnat, S. M., Rigg, K., Sterner, G. E., III, & Verdery, A. (2019). “You never know what you’re getting”: Opioid users’ perceptions of fentanyl in southwest Pennsylvania. Substance Use & Misuse, 54(6), 955–966.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Morley, K. I., Lynskey, M. T., Moran, P., Borschmann, R., & Winstock, A. R. (2015). Polysubstance use, mental health and high-risk behaviours: Results from the 2012 G lobal D rug S urvey. Drug and Alcohol Review, 34(4), 427–437. https://doi.org/10.1111/dar.12263
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nelson, L. S., & Perrone, J. (2012). Curbing the opioid epidemic in the United States: The risk evaluation and mitigation strategy (REMS). JAMA, 308(5), 457–458.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA). (2015). Fentanyl drug facts. https://www.drugabuse.gov/publications/drugfacts/fentanyl#:∼:text=has%20been%20added.,Fentanyl%20works%20by%20binding%20to%20the%20body's%20opioid%20receptors%2C%20which,unconsciousness%2C%20coma%2C%20and%20death
   Google Scholar
• National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA). (2017). Research on the use and misuse of fentanyl and other synthetic opioids. https://www.drugabuse.gov/about-nida/legislative-activities/testimony-to-congress/2017/research-on-the-use-and-misuse-of-fentanyl-and-other-synthetic-opioids-
   Google Scholar
• Pandrekar, S., Chen, X., Gopalkrishna, G., Srivastava, A., Saltz, M., Saltz, J., & Wang, F. (2018). Social media based analysis of opioid epidemic using Reddit [Paper presentation]. AMIA Annual Symposium Proceedings.
   Google Scholar
• Paulose, R., Samy, B. G., & Jegatheesan, K. (2018). Text mining and natural language processing on social media data giving insights for pharmacovigilance: A case study with fentanyl. Indian Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences, 80(4), 762–766. https://doi.org/10.4172/pharmaceutical-sciences.1000418
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Paulozzi, L. J. (2012). Prescription drug overdoses: A review. Journal of Safety Research, 43(4), 283–289. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsr.2012.08.009
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pavalanathan, U., & De Choudhury, M. (2015). Identity management and mental health discourse in social media [Paper presentation] Proceedings of the 24th International Conference on World Wide Web.
   Google Scholar
• Peiper, N. C., Clarke, S. D., Vincent, L. B., Ciccarone, D., Kral, A. H., & Zibbell, J. E. (2019). Fentanyl test strips as an opioid overdose prevention strategy: Findings from a syringe services program in the Southeastern United States. The International Journal on Drug Policy, 63, 122–128. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.drugpo.2018.08.007
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pergolizzi, J. V., Jr, LeQuang, J. A., Taylor, Jr, R., Raffa, R. B., & Group, N. R. (2018). Going beyond prescription pain relievers to understand the opioid epidemic: The role of illicit fentanyl, new psychoactive substances, and street heroin. Postgraduate Medicine, 130(1), 1–8. https://doi.org/10.1080/00325481.2018.1407618
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Perrin, A., & Anderson, M. (2019). Share of US adults using social media, including Facebook, is mostly unchanged since 2018. Pew Research Center, 10.
   Google Scholar
• Poklis, A. (1995). Fentanyl: A review for clinical and analytical toxicologists. Journal of Toxicology. Clinical Toxicology, 33(5), 439–447.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rhidenour, K. B., Blackburn, K., Barrett, A. K., & Taylor, S. (2022). Mediating medical marijuana: Exploring how veterans discuss their stigmatized substance use on Reddit. Health Communication, 37(10), 1305–1315. https://doi.org/10.1080/10410236.2021.1886411
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rodda, L. N., Pilgrim, J. L., Di Rago, M., Crump, K., Gerostamoulos, D., & Drummer, O. H. (2017). A cluster of fentanyl-laced heroin deaths in 2015 in Melbourne, Australia. Journal of Analytical Toxicology, 41(4), 318–324.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rutherford, B. N., Lim, C. C., Johnson, B., Cheng, B., Chung, J., Huang, S., Sun, T., Leung, J., Stjepanovic, P., & Chan, G. C. (2022). # TurntTrending: A systematic review of substance use portrayals on social media platforms. Addiction, 118(2), 206–217.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sharma, R., Wigginton, B., Meurk, C., Ford, P., & Gartner, C. E. (2016). Motivations and limitations associated with vaping among people with mental illness: A qualitative analysis of Reddit discussions. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 14(1), 7. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph14010007
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Singer, P., Flöck, F., Meinhart, C., Zeitfogel, E., & Strohmaier, M. (2014). Evolution of Reddit: From the front page of the internet to a self-referential community? [Paper presentation] Proceedings of the 23rd International Conference on World Wide Web.
   Google Scholar
• Somerville, N. J., O’Donnell, J., Gladden, R. M., Zibbell, J. E., Green, T. C., Younkin, M., Ruiz, S., Babakhanlou-Chase, H., Chan, M., Callis, B. P., Kuramoto-Crawford, J., Nields, H. M., & Walley, A. Y. (2017). Characteristics of fentanyl overdose—Massachusetts, 2014–2016. MMWR. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report, 66(14), 382–386. https://doi.org/10.15585/mmwr.mm6614a2
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sowles, S. J., Krauss, M. J., Gebremedhn, L., & Cavazos-Rehg, P. A. (2017). “I feel like I’ve hit the bottom and have no idea what to do”: Supportive social networking on Reddit for individuals with a desire to quit cannabis use. Substance Abuse, 38(4), 477–482. https://doi.org/10.1080/08897077.2017.1354956
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Statista. (2021). Distribution of Reddit app users as of February 2021. https://www.statista.com/statistics/1125159/reddit-us-app-users-age/
   Google Scholar
• Steers, M.-L N., Moreno, M. A., & Neighbors, C. (2016). The influence of social media on addictive behaviors in college students. Current Addiction Reports, 3(4), 343–348. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40429-016-0123-x
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Syed, M., & Nelson, S. C. (2015). Guidelines for establishing reliability when coding narrative data. Emerging Adulthood, 3(6), 375–387. https://doi.org/10.1177/2167696815587648
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tamargo, J. A., Campa, A., Martinez, S. S., Li, T., Sherman, K. E., Zarini, G., & Baum, M. K. (2020). Cognitive impairment among people who use heroin and Fentanyl: Findings from the Miami adult studies on HIV (MASH) cohort. Journal of Psychoactive Drugs, 53(3), 215–223.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Turock, M. K., Watts, D. J., Mude, H., Prestosh, J., & Stoltzfus, J. (2009). Fentanyl-laced heroin: A report from an unexpected place. The American Journal of Emergency Medicine, 27(2), 237–239. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ajem.2008.09.043
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Valdez, D., & Patterson, M. S. (2022). Computational analyses identify addiction help-seeking behaviors on the social networking website Reddit: Insights into online social interactions and addiction support communities. PLOS Digital Health, 1(11), e0000143.
   Google Scholar
• Villalonga-Olives, E., & Kawachi, I. (2017). The dark side of social capital: A systematic review of the negative health effects of social capital. Social Science & Medicine (1982), 194, 105–127. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.socscimed.2017.10.020
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wakeman, S. E., & Rich, J. D. (2018). Barriers to medications for addiction treatment: How stigma kills. Substance Use & Misuse, 53(2), 330–333. https://doi.org/10.1080/10826084.2017.1363238
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Webster, L. R. (2017). Risk factors for opioid-use disorder and overdose. Anesthesia & Analgesia, 125(5), 1741–1748. https://doi.org/10.1213/ANE.0000000000002496
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wombacher, K., Sheff, S. E., & Itrich, N. (2020). Social support for active substance users: A content analysis of r/drugs. Health Communication, 35(6), 756–765. https://doi.org/10.1080/10410236.2019.1587691
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Zibbell, J., Howard, J., Clarke, S., Ferrell, A., & Karon, S. (2019). Non-fatal opioid overdose and associated health outcomes: Final summary report. Office of the Assistant Secretary for Planning and Evaluation, 33.
   Google Scholar
• Zoorob, M. (2019). Fentanyl shock: The changing geography of overdose in the United States. The International Journal on Drug Policy, 70, 40–46. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.drugpo.2019.04.010
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zuckermann, A. M., Williams, G. C., Battista, K., Jiang, Y., de Groh, M., & Leatherdale, S. T. (2020). Prevalence and correlates of youth poly-substance use in the COMPASS study. Addictive Behaviors, 107, 106400. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.addbeh.2020.106400
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar