Latent Classes of Tobacco and Cannabis Use among Youth and Young Adults in the United States

References

• Assari, S., Caldwell, C. H., & Bazargan, M. (2019). Association between parental educational attainment and youth outcomes and role of Race/Ethnicity. JAMA Network Open, 2(11), e1916018. https://doi.org/10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2019.16018
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Assari, S., Mistry, R., & Bazargan, M. (2019). Race, educational attainment, and e-cigarette use. Journal of Medical Research and Innovation, 4(1), e000185. https://doi.org/10.32892/jmri.185
   Google Scholar
• Chadi, N., Schroeder, R., Jensen, J. W., & Levy, S. (2019). Association between electronic cigarette use and marijuana use among adolescents and young adults: A systematic review and meta-analysis. JAMA Pediatrics, 173(10), e192574. https://doi.org/10.1001/jamapediatrics.2019.2574
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cho, B., Hirschtick, J. L., Usidame, B., Meza, R., Mistry, R., Land, S. R., Levy, D. T., Holford, T., & Fleischer, N. L. (2021). Sociodemographic patterns of exclusive, dual, and polytobacco use among U.S. high school students: A comparison of three nationally representative surveys. The Journal of Adolescent Health: Official Publication of the Society for Adolescent Medicine, 68(4), 750–757. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jadohealth.2020.11.019
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cohn, A. M., Abudayyeh, H., Perreras, L., & Peters, E. N. (2019). Patterns and correlates of the co-use of marijuana with any tobacco and individual tobacco products in young adults from Wave 2 of the PATH Study. Addictive Behaviors, 92, 122–127. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.addbeh.2018.12.025
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Connor, J. P., Gullo, M. J., White, A., & Kelly, A. B. (2014). Polysubstance use: Diagnostic challenges, patterns of use and health. Current Opinion in Psychiatry, 27(4), 269–275. https://doi.org/10.1097/YCO.0000000000000069
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cornelius, M. E., Loretan, C. G., Wang, T. W., Jamal, A., & Homa, D. M. (2022). Tobacco product use among adults - United States, 2020. MMWR. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report, 71(11), 397–405. https://doi.org/10.15585/mmwr.mm7111a1
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dai, H., & Siahpush, M. (2020). Use of e-cigarettes for nicotine, marijuana, and just flavoring among U.S. youth. American Journal of Preventive Medicine, 58(2), 244–249. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.amepre.2019.09.006
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Davis, C. N., Slutske, W. S., Martin, N. G., Agrawal, A., & Lynskey, M. T. (2019). Identifying subtypes of cannabis users based on simultaneous polysubstance use. Drug and Alcohol Dependence, 205, 107696. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2019.107696
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• de Jonge, M. C., Bukman, A. J., van Leeuwen, L., Onrust, S. A., & Kleinjan, M. (2022). Latent classes of substance use in young adults - a systematic review. Substance Use & Misuse, 57(5), 769–785. https://doi.org/10.1080/10826084.2022.2040029
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dunbar, M. S., Davis, J. P., Tucker, J. S., Seelam, R., Shih, R. A., & D’Amico, E. J. (2020). Developmental trajectories of tobacco/nicotine and cannabis use and patterns of product co-use in young adulthood. Tobacco Use Insights, 13, 1179173X2094927. https://doi.org/10.1177/1179173X20949271
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Garrett, B. E., Martell, B. N., Caraballo, R. S., & King, B. A. (2019). Socioeconomic differences in cigarette smoking among sociodemographic groups. Preventing Chronic Disease, 16, E74. https://doi.org/10.5888/pcd16.180553
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gentzke, A. S., Wang, T. W., Cornelius, M., Park-Lee, E., Ren, C., Sawdey, M. D., Cullen, K. A., Loretan, C., Jamal, A., & Homa, D. M. (2022). Tobacco product use and associated factors among middle and high school students - National Youth Tobacco Survey, United States, 2021. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report. Surveillance Summaries (Washington, DC: 2002), 71(5), 1–29. https://doi.org/10.15585/mmwr.ss7105a1
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Glasser, A. M., Nemeth, J. M., Quisenberry, A. J., Shoben, A. B., Trapl, E. S., & Klein, E. G. (2022). Cigarillo flavor and motivation to quit among co-users of cigarillos and cannabis: A structural equation modeling approach. International Journal of Environmental Research Public Health, 19(9), 5727.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gonzales, G. (2020). Differences in 30-day marijuana use by sexual orientation identity: Population-based evidence from seven states. LGBT Health, 7(1), 60–67. https://doi.org/10.1089/lgbt.2018.0236
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Goodwin, R. D., Pacek, L. R., Copeland, J., Moeller, S. J., Dierker, L., Weinberger, A., Gbedemah, M., Zvolensky, M. J., Wall, M. M., & Hasin, D. S. (2018). Trends in daily cannabis use among cigarette smokers: United States, 2002-2014. American Journal of Public Health, 108(1), 137–142. https://doi.org/10.2105/AJPH.2017.304050
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Haardorfer, R., Berg, C. J., Lewis, M., Payne, J., Pillai, D., McDonald, B., & Windle, M. (2016). Polytobacco, marijuana, and alcohol use patterns in college students: A latent class analysis. Addictive Behaviors, 59, 58–64. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.addbeh.2016.03.034
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Harlow, A. F., Lundberg, D., Raifman, J. R., Tan, A. S. L., Streed, C. G., Jr., Benjamin, E. J., & Stokes, A. C. (2021). Association of coming out as lesbian, gay, and bisexual + and risk of cigarette smoking in a nationally representative sample of youth and young adults. JAMA Pediatrics, 175(1), 56–63. https://doi.org/10.1001/jamapediatrics.2020.3565
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hiler, M., Spindle, T. R., Dick, D., Eissenberg, T., Breland, A., & Soule, E. (2020). Reasons for transition from electronic cigarette use to cigarette smoking among young adult college students. The Journal of Adolescent Health: Official Publication of the Society for Adolescent Medicine, 66(1), 56–63. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jadohealth.2019.09.003
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hirschtick, J. L., Mattingly, D. T., Cho, B., Arciniega, L. Z., Levy, D. T., Sanchez-Romero, L. M., Jeon, J., Land, S. R., Mistry, R., Meza, R., & Fleischer, N. L. (2021). Exclusive, dual, and polytobacco use among US adults by sociodemographic factors: Results from 3 nationally representative surveys. American Journal of Health Promotion: AJHP, 35(3), 377–387. https://doi.org/10.1177/0890117120964065
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Johnston, L. D., Miech, R. A., O’Malley, P. M., Bachman, J. G., Schulenberg, J. E., & Patrick, M. E. (2021). Monitoring the Future national survey results on drug use 1975-2020: Overview, key findings on adolescent drug use. Institute for Social Research, University of Michigan.
   Google Scholar
• Judkins, D. (1990). Fay’s method for variance estimation. Journal of Official Statistics, 6, 223–239.
   Google Scholar
• Kasza, K. A., Edwards, K. C., Tang, Z., Stanton, C. A., Sharma, E., Halenar, M. J., Taylor, K. A., Donaldson, E., Hull, L. C., Day, H., Bansal-Travers, M., Limpert, J., Zandberg, I., Gardner, L. D., Hammad, H. T., Borek, N., Kimmel, H. L., Compton, W. M., & Hyland, A. (2020). Correlates of tobacco product initiation among youth and adults in the USA: Findings from the PATH Study Waves 1-3 (2013-2016). Tobacco Control, 29(Suppl 3), s191–s202. https://doi.org/10.1136/tobaccocontrol-2020-055671
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Lemyre, A., Poliakova, N., & Belanger, R. E. (2019). The relationship between tobacco and cannabis use: A review. Substance Use & Misuse, 54(1), 130–145. https://doi.org/10.1080/10826084.2018.1512623
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lipperman-Kreda, S., Islam, S., Wharton, K., Finan, L. J., & Kowitt, S. D. (2022). Youth tobacco and cannabis use and co-use: Associations with daily exposure to tobacco marketing within activity spaces and by travel patterns. Addictive Behaviors, 126, 107202. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.addbeh.2021.107202
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lisha, N. E., Thrul, J., & Ling, P. M. (2019). Latent class analysis to examine patterns of smoking and other tobacco products in young adult bar patrons. The Journal of Adolescent Health: Official Publication of the Society for Adolescent Medicine, 64(1), 93–98. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jadohealth.2018.06.022
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Maglalang, D. D., Avila, J. C., Ahluwalia, J. S., Murphy, C. M., Alexander, A. C., & Nollen, N. L. (2022). The role of financial strain and educational attainment on smoking abstinence of African Americans and whites who smoke. Ethnicity & Disease, 32(3), 223–230. https://doi.org/10.18865/ed.32.3.223
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Mattingly, D. T., Hirschtick, J. L., Meza, R., & Fleischer, N. L. (2020). Trends in prevalence and sociodemographic and geographic patterns of current menthol cigarette use among U.S. adults, 2005-2015. Preventive Medicine Reports, 20, 101227. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pmedr.2020.101227
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Mattingly, D. T., Patel, A., Hirschtick, J. L., & Fleischer, N. L. (2022). Sociodemographic differences in patterns of nicotine and cannabis vaping among US adults. Preventive Medicine Reports, 26, 101715. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pmedr.2022.101715
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Melendez-Torres, G. J., Tancred, T., Fletcher, A., Thomas, J., Campbell, R., & Bonell, C. (2018). Does integrated academic and health education prevent substance use? Systematic review and meta-analyses. Child: Care, Health and Development, 44(4), 516–530. https://doi.org/10.1111/cch.12558
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Meyer, I. H. (2003). Prejudice, social stress, and mental health in lesbian, gay, and bisexual populations: Conceptual issues and research evidence. Psychological Bulletin, 129(5), 674–697. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-2909.129.5.674
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Meza, R., Jimenez-Mendoza, E., & Levy, D. T. (2020). Trends in tobacco use among adolescents by grade, sex, and race, 1991-2019. JAMA Network Open, 3(12), e2027465. https://doi.org/10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2020.27465
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mistry, R., Bondarenko, I., Jeon, J., Brouwer, A. F., Mattingly, D. T., Hirschtick, J. L., Jimenez-Mendoza, E., Levy, D. T., Land, S. R., Elliott, M. R., Taylor, J. M. G., Meza, R., & Fleischer, N. L. (2021). Latent class analysis of use frequencies for multiple tobacco products in US adults. Preventive Medicine, 153, 106762. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ypmed.2021.106762
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Montgomery, L., & Mantey, D. (2018). Racial/ethnic differences in prevalence and correlates of blunt smoking among adolescents. Journal of Psychoactive Drugs, 50(3), 195–205. https://doi.org/10.1080/02791072.2017.1401186
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Montgomery, L., Heidelburg, K., & Robinson, C. (2018). Characterizing blunt use among twitter users: Racial/ethnic differences in use patterns and characteristics. Substance Use & Misuse, 53(3), 501–507. https://doi.org/10.1080/10826084.2017.1341926
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nylund-Gibson, K., & Choi, A. Y. (2018). Ten frequently asked questions about latent class analysis. Translational Issues in Psychological Science, 4(4), 440–461. https://doi.org/10.1037/tps0000176
   Google Scholar
• Palmer, R. H., Young, S. E., Hopfer, C. J., Corley, R. P., Stallings, M. C., Crowley, T. J., & Hewitt, J. K. (2009). Developmental epidemiology of drug use and abuse in adolescence and young adulthood: Evidence of generalized risk. Drug and Alcohol Dependence, 102(1–3), 78–87. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2009.01.012
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Paschall, M. J., Garcia-Ramirez, G., & Grube, J. W. (2021). Recreational marijuana legalization and use among California adolescents: Findings from a statewide survey. Journal of Studies on Alcohol and Drugs, 82(1), 103–111. https://doi.org/10.15288/jsad.2021.82.103
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Patel, A., Hirschtick, J. L., Cook, S., Usidame, B., Mistry, R., Levy, D. T., Meza, R., & Fleischer, N. L. (2021). Sociodemographic patterns of exclusive and dual use of ends and menthol/non-menthol cigarettes among US Youth (ages 15–17) using two nationally representative surveys (2013–2017). International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 18(15), 7781. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18157781
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pedersen, E. R., Tucker, J. S., Davis, J. P., Dunbar, M. S., Seelam, R., Rodriguez, A., & D’Amico, E. J. (2021). Tobacco/nicotine and marijuana co-use motives in young adults: Associations with substance use behaviors one year later. Psychology of Addictive Behaviors: Journal of the Society of Psychologists in Addictive Behaviors, 35(2), 133–147. https://doi.org/10.1037/adb0000638
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Phelan, J. C., Link, B. G., Diez-Roux, A., Kawachi, I., & Levin, B. (2004). “Fundamental causes” of social inequalities in mortality: A test of the theory. Journal of Health and Social Behavior, 45(3), 265–285. https://doi.org/10.1177/002214650404500303
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rabin, R. A., & George, T. P. (2015). A review of co-morbid tobacco and cannabis use disorders: Possible mechanisms to explain high rates of co-use. The American Journal on Addictions, 24(2), 105–116. https://doi.org/10.1111/ajad.12186
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ramo, D. E., Delucchi, K. L., Hall, S. M., Liu, H., & Prochaska, J. J. (2013). Marijuana and tobacco co-use in young adults: Patterns and thoughts about use. Journal of Studies on Alcohol and Drugs, 74(2), 301–310. https://doi.org/10.15288/jsad.2013.74.301
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schauer, G. L., & Peters, E. N. (2018). Correlates and trends in youth co-use of marijuana and tobacco in the United States, 2005-2014. Drug and Alcohol Dependence, 185, 238–244. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2017.12.007
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schulte, M. T., & Hser, Y. I. (2013). Substance use and associated health conditions throughout the lifespan. Public Health Reviews, 35(2). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF03391702
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Sheffer, C. E., Williams, J. M., Erwin, D. O., Smith, P. H., Carl, E., & Ostroff, J. S. (2022). Tobacco-related disparities viewed through the lens of intersectionality. Nicotine & Tobacco Research: Official Journal of the Society for Research on Nicotine and Tobacco, 24(2), 285–288. https://doi.org/10.1093/ntr/ntab193
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Smart, R., & Pacula, R. L. (2019). Early evidence of the impact of cannabis legalization on cannabis use, cannabis use disorder, and the use of other substances: Findings from state policy evaluations. The American Journal of Drug and Alcohol Abuse, 45(6), 644–663. https://doi.org/10.1080/00952990.2019.1669626
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Smith, C. L., Cooper, B. R., Miguel, A., Hill, L., Roll, J., & McPherson, S. (2021). Predictors of cannabis and tobacco co-use in youth: Exploring the mediating role of age at first use in the population assessment of tobacco health (PATH) study. Journal of Cannabis Research, 3(1), 16. https://doi.org/10.1186/s42238-021-00072-2
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Smith, D. M., O’Connor, R. J., Wei, B., Travers, M., Hyland, A., & Goniewicz, M. L. (2020). Nicotine and toxicant exposure among concurrent users (co-users) of tobacco and cannabis. Nicotine & Tobacco Research: Official Journal of the Society for Research on Nicotine and Tobacco, 22(8), 1354–1363. https://doi.org/10.1093/ntr/ntz122
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Strong, D. R., Myers, M. G., Pulvers, K., Noble, M., Brikmanis, K., & Doran, N. (2018). Marijuana use among US tobacco users: Findings from wave 1 of the population assessment of tobacco health (PATH) study. Drug and Alcohol Dependence, 186, 16–22. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2017.12.044
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration. (2021). Key substance use and mental health indicators in the United States: Results from the 2020 National Survey on Drug Use and Health. (HHS Publication No. PEP21-07-01-003, NSDUH Series H-56). Center for Behavioral Health Statistics and Quality.
   Google Scholar
• Sun, R., Mendez, D., & Warner, K. E. (2022). Evaluation of self-reported cannabis vaping among US youth and young adults who use e-cigarettes. JAMA Pediatrics, 176(4), 417–419. https://doi.org/10.1001/jamapediatrics.2021.6102
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tan, A. S., Hinds, J. T., Smith, P. H., Antin, T., Lee, J. P., Ostroff, J. S., Patten, C., Rose, S. W., Sheffer, C. E., & Fagan, P. (2023). Incorporating intersectionality as a framework for equity-minded tobacco control research: A call for collective action toward a paradigm shift. Nicotine & Tobacco Research: Official Journal of the Society for Research on Nicotine and Tobacco, 25(1), 73–76. https://doi.org/10.1093/ntr/ntac110
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tucker, J. S., Rodriguez, A., Dunbar, M. S., Pedersen, E. R., Davis, J. P., Shih, R. A., & D’Amico, E. J. (2019). Cannabis and tobacco use and co-use: Trajectories and correlates from early adolescence to emerging adulthood. Drug and Alcohol Dependence, 204, 107499. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2019.06.004
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• United States Department of Health and Human Services. (2021). National Institute on Drug Abuse of the National Institutes of Health, Food and Drug Administration, Center for Tobacco Products. Population Assessment of Tobacco and Health (PATH) Study [United States] Public-Use Files. Inter-university Consortium for Political and Social Research [distributor].
   Google Scholar
• United States Department of Health and Human Services. (2022). National Institute on Drug Abuse of the National Institutes of Health, Food and Drug Administration, Center for Tobacco Products. Population Assessment of Tobacco and Health (PATH) Study [United States] Restricted-Use Files. Inter-university Consortium for Political and Social Research [distributor].
   Google Scholar
• Usidame, B., Hirschtick, J. L., Mattingly, D. T., Patel, A., Patrick, M. E., & Fleischer, N. L. (2022). Sociodemographic patterns of exclusive and dual combustible tobacco and e-cigarette use among US adolescents—a Nationally Representative Study (2017–2020). International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 19(5), 2965. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19052965
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vallone, D. M., Cuccia, A. F., Briggs, J., Xiao, H., Schillo, B. A., & Hair, E. C. (2020). Electronic cigarette and JUUL use among adolescents and young adults. JAMA Pediatrics, 174(3), 277–286. https://doi.org/10.1001/jamapediatrics.2019.5436
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vuolo, M., Lindsay, S. L., & Kelly, B. C. (2022). Further consideration of the impact of tobacco control policies on young adult smoking in light of the liberalization of cannabis policies. Nicotine & Tobacco Research: Official Journal of the Society for Research on Nicotine and Tobacco, 24(1), 60–68. https://doi.org/10.1093/ntr/ntab149
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Watson, C. V., Puvanesarajah, S., & Trivers, K. F. (2021). Racial and ethnic differences in marijuana use in e-cigarettes among US youth in 2017, 2018, and 2020. JAMA Pediatrics, 175(7), 746–748. https://doi.org/10.1001/jamapediatrics.2021.0305
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Weinberger, A. H., Zhu, J., Lee, J., Xu, S., & Goodwin, R. D. (2021). Cannabis use and the onset of cigarette and e-cigarette use: A prospective, longitudinal study among youth in the United States. Nicotine & Tobacco Research: Official Journal of the Society for Research on Nicotine and Tobacco, 23(3), 609–613. https://doi.org/10.1093/ntr/ntaa158
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wheldon, C. W., Kaufman, A. R., Kasza, K. A., & Moser, R. P. (2018). Tobacco use among adults by sexual orientation: Findings from the population assessment of tobacco and health study. LGBT Health, 5(1), 33–44. https://doi.org/10.1089/lgbt.2017.0175
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar