Predisposing factors to hamstring neuromuscular deficits—implications for prevention and rehabilitation of hamstring strain injuries: a narrative review

References

• Hamilton B. Hamstring muscle strain injuries: what can we learn from history? Br J Sports Med. 2012;46:900–903.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Orchard J. Epidemiology of injuries in the Australian Football League, seasons 1997–2000. Br J Sports Med. 2002;36:39–44.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Elliott MCCW, Zarins B, Powell JW, et al. Hamstring muscle strains in professional football players: a 10-year review. Am J Sports Med. 2011;39:843–850.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Woods C. The Football Association Medical Research Programme: an audit of injuries in professional football—analysis of hamstring injuries. Br J Sports Med. 2004;38:36–41.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ekstrand J, Waldén M, Hägglund M. Hamstring injuries have increased by 4% annually in men’s professional football, since 2001: a 13-year longitudinal analysis of the UEFA Elite Club injury study. Br J Sports Med. 2016;50:731–737.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Askling CM, Tengvar M, Tarassova O, et al. Acute hamstring injuries in Swedish elite sprinters and jumpers: a prospective randomised controlled clinical trial comparing two rehabilitation protocols. Br J Sports Med. 2014;48:532–539.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sherry MA, Best TM. A comparison of 2 rehabilitation programs in the treatment of acute hamstring strains. J Orthop Sports Phys Ther. 2004;34:116–125.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Heiser TM, Weber J, Sullivan G, et al. Prophylaxis and management of hamstring muscle injuries in intercollegiate football players. Am J Sports Med. 1984;12:368–370.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brukner P, Nealon A, Morgan C, et al. Recurrent hamstring muscle injury: applying the limited evidence in the professional football setting with a seven-point programme. Br J Sports Med. 2014;48:929–938.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ekstrand J, Hägglund M, Waldén M. Epidemiology of muscle injuries in professional football (soccer). Am J Sports Med. 2011;39:1226–1232.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ekstrand J, Healy JC, Waldén M, et al. Hamstring muscle injuries in professional football: the correlation of MRI findings with return to play. Br J Sports Med. 2012;46:112–117.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mendiguchia J, Alentorn-Geli E, Brughelli M. Hamstring strain injuries: are we heading in the right direction? Br J Sports Med. 2012;46:81–85.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Opar DA, Williams MD, Shield AJ. Hamstring strain injuries: factors that lead to injury and re-injury. Sports Med. 2012;42:209–226.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kuilart KE, Woollam M, Barling E, et al. The active knee extension test and Slump test in subjects with perceived hamstring tightness. Int J Osteopath Med. 2005;8:89–97.
   Google Scholar
• Di Trani A. Neuromechanical contributions to hamstring stiffness dysregulation and injury [thesis]. University of Delaware; 2017. Retrieved from http://udspace.udel.edu/handle/19716/22608.
   Google Scholar
• Askling C. Type of acute hamstring strain affects flexibility, strength, and time to return to pre-injury level. Br J Sports Med. 2006;40:40–44.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Heiderscheit BC, Sherry MA, Silder A, et al. Hamstring strain injuries: recommendations for diagnosis, rehabilitation, and injury prevention. J Orthop Sports Phys Ther. 2010;40:67–81.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Baker RT, Hansberger BL, Warren L, et al. A novel approach for the reversal of chronic apparent hamstring tightness: a case report. Int J Sports Phys Ther. 2015;10:723–733.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Henriksen M, Højrup A, Lund H, et al. The effect of stimulating massage of thigh muscles on knee joint position sense. Adv Physiother. 2004;6:29–36.
   Google Scholar
• Kornberg C, Lew P. The effect of stretching neural structures on grade one hamstring injuries. J Orthop Sports Phys Ther. 1989;10:481–487.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Turl SE, George KP. Adverse neural tension: a factor in repetitive hamstring strain? J Orthop Sports Phys Ther. 1998;27:16–21.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Newsham K. The role of neural tension in minor and recurrent hamstring injury, part 1: evaluation. Athl Ther Today. 2006;11:54–56.
   Google Scholar
• Di Trani Lobacz A. Neurodynamic Mobilizations for Hamstring Strain Injuries. Geisler PR, éditeur. Athl Train Sports Health Care. 2015;7:85–88.
   Google Scholar
• Kornberg C, McCarthy T. The effect of neural stretching technique on sympathetic outflow to the lower limbs. J Orthop Sports Phys Ther. 1992;16:269–274.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Panayi S. The need for lumbar-pelvic assessment in the resolution of chronic hamstring strain. J Bodyw Mov Ther. 2010;14:294–298.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Chumanov ES, Heiderscheit BC, Thelen DG. The effect of speed and influence of individual muscles on hamstring mechanics during the swing phase of sprinting. J Biomech. 2007;40:3555–3562.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schuermans J, Van Tiggelen D, Danneels L, et al. Biceps femoris and semitendinosus—teammates or competitors? New insights into hamstring injury mechanisms in male football players: a muscle functional MRI study. Br J Sports Med. 2014;48:1599–1606.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chance-Larsen K, Littlewood C, Garth A. Prone hip extension with lower abdominal hollowing improves the relative timing of gluteus maximus activation in relation to biceps femoris. Man Ther. 2010;15:61–65.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schuermans J, Van Tiggelen D, Witvrouw E. Prone hip extension muscle recruitment is associated with hamstring injury risk in amateur soccer. Int J Sports Med. 2017;38:696–706.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Borghuis J, Hof AL, Lemmink KAPM. The importance of sensory-motor control in providing core stability: implications for measurement and training. Sports Med. 2008;38:893–916.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Taimela S, Kankaanpää M, Luoto S. The effect of lumbar fatigue on the ability to sense a change in lumbar position. A controlled study. Spine. 1999;24:1322.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Greig M, Siegler JC. Soccer-specific fatigue and eccentric hamstrings muscle strength. J Athl Train. 2009;44:180–184.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Opar DA, Williams MD, Timmins RG, et al. Knee flexor strength and bicep femoris electromyographical activity is lower in previously strained hamstrings. J Electromyogr Kinesiol. 2013;23:696–703.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Croisier J-L, Crielaard J-M. Hamstring muscle tear with recurrent complaints: an isokinetic profile. Isokinet Exerc Sci. 2000;8:175–180.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Marshall PWM, Lovell R, Jeppesen GK, et al. Hamstring muscle fatigue and central motor output during a simulated soccer match. PLoS One. 2014;9:e102753.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mair SD, Seaber AV, Glisson RR, et al. The role of fatigue in susceptibility to acute muscle strain injury. Am J Sports Med. 1996;24:137–143.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Overton A. Neuromuscular fatigue and biomechanical alterations during high-intensity, constant-load cycling [thesis]; 2013. Retrieved from: https://ro.ecu.edu.au/theses/612.
   Google Scholar
• Jönhagen S, Ericson MO, Németh G, et al. Amplitude and timing of electromyographic activity during sprinting. Scand J Med Sci Sports. 2007;6(1):15–21.
   Google Scholar
• Croisier J-L, Forthomme B, Namurois M-H, et al. Hamstring muscle strain recurrence and strength performance disorders. Am J Sports Med. 2002;30:199–203.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Miura K, Ishibashi Y, Tsuda E, et al. The effect of local and general fatigue on knee proprioception. Arthrosc J Arthrosc Relat Surg. 2004;20:414–418.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gribble PA, Hertel J, Denegar CR, et al. The effects of fatigue and chronic ankle instability on dynamic postural control. J Athl Train. 2004;39:321–329.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McMullen KL, Cosby NL, Hertel J, et al. Lower extremity neuromuscular control immediately after fatiguing hip-abduction exercise. J Athl Train. 2011;46:607–614.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chang M, Slater LV, Corbett RO, et al. Muscle activation patterns of the lumbo-pelvic-hip complex during walking gait before and after exercise. Gait Posture. 2017;52:15–21.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Granata KP, Slota GP, Wilson SE. Influence of fatigue in neuromuscular control of spinal stability. Hum Factors J Hum Factors Ergon Soc. 2004;46:81–91.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• van Dieën JH, Luger T, van der Eb J. Effects of fatigue on trunk stability in elite gymnasts. Eur J Appl Physiol. 2012;112:1307–1313.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Small K, McNaughton L, Greig M, et al. Effect of timing of eccentric hamstring strengthening exercises during soccer training: implications for muscle fatigability. J Strength Cond Res. 2009;23:1077–1083.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schuermans J, Danneels L, Van Tiggelen D, et al. Proximal neuromuscular control protects against hamstring injuries in male soccer players: a prospective study with electromyography time-series analysis during maximal sprinting. Am J Sports Med. 2017;45:1315–1325.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brazier J, Bishop C, Simons C, et al. Lower extremity stiffness: effects on performance and injury and implications for training. Strength Cond J. 2014;36:103–112.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Markovic G, Mikulic P. Neuro-musculoskeletal and performance adaptations to lower-extremity plyometric training. Sports Med. 2010;40:859–895.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Davis JR, Horslen BC, Nishikawa K, et al. Human proprioceptive adaptations during states of height-induced fear and anxiety. J Neurophysiol. 2011;106:3082–3090.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bartholomeu D, Montiel JM, Machado AA. Validity of internal structure of the Competitive State Anxiety Inventory in a Brazilian sample. Mot Rev Educ Física. 2014;20:158–166.
   Google Scholar
• Cox RH, Martens MP, Russell WD. Measuring anxiety in athletics: the Revised Competitive State Anxiety Inventory-2. J Sport Exerc Psychol. 2003;25:519–533.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lundqvist C, Hassmén P. Competitive State Anxiety Inventory-2 (CSAI-2): evaluating the Swedish version by confirmatory factor analyses. J Sports Sci. 2005;23:727–736.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Santi G, Pietrantoni L. Psychology of sport injury rehabilitation: a review of models and interventions. J Hum Sport Exerc. 2013;8:1029–1044.
   Google Scholar
• Erickson LN, Sherry MA. Rehabilitation and return to sport after hamstring strain injury. J Sport Health Sci. 2017;6:262–270.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brockett C, Warren N, Gregory J, et al. A comparison of the effects of concentric versus eccentric exercise on force and position sense at the human elbow joint. Brain Res. 1997;771:251–258.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bourne MN, Opar DA, Williams MD, et al. Muscle activation patterns in the Nordic hamstring exercise: impact of prior strain injury: hamstring activation in Nordic exercise. Scand J Med Sci Sports. 2016;26:666–674.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ono T, Higashihara A, Fukubayashi T. Hamstring functions during hip-extension exercise assessed with electromyography and magnetic resonance imaging. Res Sports Med. 2010;19:42–52.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar