152
Views
3
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Research Article

The use of passive cable theory to increase the threshold of nociceptors in people with chronic pain

ORCID Icon & ORCID Icon
Pages 53-63 | Received 06 Jul 2020, Accepted 16 Nov 2020, Published online: 03 Dec 2020

References

  • Muraki S, Akune T, Oka H, et al. Health-related quality of life in subjects with low back pain and knee pain in a population-based cohort study of Japanese men: the research on osteoarthritis against disability study. Spine (Phila Pa 1976). 2011;36(16):1312–1319.
  • Hirano K, Imagama S, Hasegawa Y, et al. Impact of low back pain, knee pain, and timed up-and-go test on quality of life in community-living people. J Orthop Sci. 2014;19(1):164–171.
  • Koch C, Hänsel F. Chronic non-specific low back pain and motor control during gait. Front Psychol. 2018;9:1–8.
  • Deyo RA. Diagnostic evaluation of LBP: reaching a specific diagnosis is often impossible. Arch Intern Med. 2002;162(13):1444.
  • Reichling DB, Levine JD. Critical role of nociceptor plasticity in chronic pain. Trends Neurosci. 2009;32(12):611–618.
  • Casey CY, Greenberg MA, Nicassio PM, et al. Transition from acute to chronic pain and disability: a model including cognitive, affective, and trauma factors. Pain. 2008;134(1–2):69–79.
  • Kovacs FM, Abraira V, Zamora J, et al. The transition from acute to subacute and chronic low back pain. Spine (Phila Pa 1976). 2005;30(15):1786–1792.
  • Cerbo R, Prudenzano MP, Barbanti P, et al. The importance of anxiety and depression as factors in chronicization of primary headaches. J Headache Pain. 2000;1(S1):S45–S48.
  • Kehlet H, Rathmell JP. Persistent postsurgical pain: the path forward through better design of clinical studies. Anesthesiology. 2010;112(3):514–515.
  • Gold MS, Gebhart GF. Nociceptor sensitization in pain pathogenesis. Nat Med. 2010;16(11):1248–1257.
  • Basbaum AI, Bautista DM, Scherrer G, et al. Cellular and molecular mechanisms of pain. Cell. 2009;139(2):267–284.
  • Ventafridda V, Saita L, Ripamonti C, et al. WHO guidelines for the use of analgesics in cancer pain. Int J Tissue React. 1985;7(1):93–96.
  • Kalso E, Edwards JE, Moore RA, et al. Opioids in chronic non-cancer pain: systematic review of efficacy and safety. Pain. 2004;112(3):372–380.
  • Vargas-Schaffer G. Is the WHO analgesic ladder still valid? Twenty-four years of experience. Can Fam Physician. 2010;56(6):514–517.
  • Watts RW, Silagy CA. A meta-analysis on the efficacy of epidural corticosteroids in the treatment of sciatica. Anaesth Intensive Care. 1995;23(5):564–569.
  • Rosenblum A, Marsch LA, Joseph H, et al. Opioids and the treatment of chronic pain: controversies, current status, and future directions. Exp Clin Psychopharmacol. 2008;16(5):405–416.
  • Whitehead A, Gould Fogerite S. Yoga treatment for chronic non-specific low back pain. Explore (NY). 2017;13(4):281–284.
  • van Middelkoop M, Rubinstein SM, Kuijpers T, et al. A systematic review on the effectiveness of physical and rehabilitation interventions for chronic non-specific low back pain. Eur Spine J. 2011;20(1):19–39.
  • Reinert A, Treede RD, Bromm B. The pain inhibiting pain effect: an electrophysiological study in humans. Brain Res. 2000;862(1–2):103–110.
  • Hylands-White N, Duarte RV, Raphael JH. An overview of treatment approaches for chronic pain management. Rheumatol Int. 2017;37(1):29–42.
  • Marlow NM, Bonilha HS, Short EB. Efficacy of transcranial direct current stimulation and repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation for treating fibromyalgia syndrome: a systematic review. Pain Pract. 2013;13(2):131–145.
  • Cruccu G, Aziz TZ, Garcia-Larrea L, et al. EFNS guidelines on neurostimulation therapy for neuropathic pain. Eur J Neurol. 2007;14(9):952–970.
  • Kim J, Han SJ, Shin DH, et al. Subthreshold continuous electrical stimulation facilitates functional recovery of facial nerve after crush injury in rabbit. Muscle Nerve. 2011;43(2):251–258.
  • Miller CA, Woo J, Abbas PJ, et al. Neural masking by sub-threshold electric stimuli: animal and computer model results. J Assoc Res Otolaryngol. 2011;12(2):219–232.
  • Poletto CJ, Van Doren CL. Elevating pain thresholds in humans using depolarizing prepulses. IEEE Trans Biomed Eng. 2002;49(10):1221–1224.
  • Gangadharan V, Kuner R. Pain hypersensitivity mechanisms at a glance. Dis Model Mech. 2013;6(4):889–895.
  • Cho H, Yang YD, Lee J, et al. The calcium-activated chloride channel anoctamin 1 acts as a heat sensor in nociceptive neurons. Nat Neurosci. 2012;15(7):1015–1021.
  • I. B. David Julius A. Molecular mechanisms of nociception. Japanese J Neuropsychopharmacol. 2001;413(3):139–147.
  • Bautista DM, Siemens J, Glazer JM, et al. The menthol receptor TRPM8 is the principal detector of environmental cold. Nature. 2007;448(7150):204–208.
  • Zimmermann K, Leffler A, Babes A, et al. Sensory neuron sodium channel Nav1.8 is essential for pain at low temperatures. Nature. 2007;447(7146):855–858.
  • Coste B, Mathur J, Schmidt M, et al. Piezo1 and Piezo2 are essential components of distinct mechanically activated cation channels. Science. 2010;330(6000):55–60.
  • Raouf R, Quick K, Wood JN, et al. Pain as a channelopathy. J Clin Invest. 2010;120(11):3745–3752.
  • Honoré E. The neuronal background K2P channels: focus on TREK1. Nat Rev Neurosci. 2007;8(4):251–261.
  • Wood JN, Boorman JP, Okuse K, et al. Voltage-gated sodium channels and pain pathways. J Neurobiol. 2004;61(1):55–71.
  • Binshtok AM, Wang H, Zimmermann K, et al. Nociceptors are interleukin-1beta sensors. J Neurosci. 2008;28(52):14062–14073.
  • Schweizerhof M, Stösser S, Kurejova M, et al. Hematopoietic colony-stimulating factors mediate tumor-nerve interactions and bone cancer pain. Nat Med. 2009;15(7):802–807.
  • Dib-Hajj SD, Black JA, Cummins TR, et al. Rescue of alpha-SNS sodium channel expression in small dorsal root ganglion neurons after axotomy by nerve growth factor in vivo. J Neurophysiol. 1998l79(5):2668–2676.
  • Zhang X, Huang J, McNaughton PA. NGF rapidly increases membrane expression of TRPV1 heat-gated ion channels. EMBO J. 2005;24(24):4211–4223.
  • Tappe-Theodor A, Constantin CE, Tegeder I, et al. Gα(q/11) signaling tonically modulates nociceptor function and contributes to activity-dependent sensitization. Pain. 2012;153(1):184–196.
  • Kuner R. Central mechanisms of pathological pain. Nat Med. 2010;16(11):1258–1266.
  • Hucho T, Levine JD. Signaling pathways in sensitization: toward a nociceptor cell biology. Neuron. 2007;55(3):365–376.
  • Ren K, Hylden JLK, Williams M, et al. The effects of a non-competitive NMDA receptor antagonist, MK-801, on behavioral hyperalgesia and dorsal horn neuronal activity in rats with unilateral inflammation. Pain. 1992;50:331–344.
  • Dubner R, Ruda MA. A divity-dependent neuronal plastidty following tissue injury andinflammation. Trends Neurosci. 1992;15(3):96–103.
  • Liu XJ, Gingrich JR, Vargas-Caballero M, et al. Treatment of inflammatory and neuropathic pain by uncoupling Src from the NMDA receptor complex. Nat Med. 2008;14(12):1325–1332.
  • Chen G, et al. β-Arrestin-2 regulates NMDA receptor function in spinal lamina II neurons and duration of persistent pain. Nat Commun. 2016;7:1–12.
  • Woalder RR, Ji A, Nackley Y, et al. Neuroinflammation and central sensitization in chronic and widespread pain. Anesthesiology. 2018;129(2):343–366.
  • Woolf CJ, Costigan M. Transcriptional and posttranslational plasticity and the generation of inflammatory pain. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1999;96(14):7723–7730.
  • Imbe H, Senba E, Kimura A, et al. Activation of mitogen-activated protein kinase in descending pain modulatory system. J Signal Transduct. 2011;2011:1–10.
  • Devor M. Sodium channels and mechanisms of neuropathic pain. J Pain. 2006;7(1 Suppl 1):S3–S12.
  • Emery EC, Young GT, Berrocoso EM, et al. HCN2 ion channels play a central role in inflammatory and neuropathic pain. Science. 2011;333(6048):1462–1466.
  • Nascimento AI, Mar FM, Sousa MM. The intriguing nature of dorsal root ganglion neurons: linking structure with polarity and function. Prog Neurobiol. 2018;168:86–103.
  • Kim CF, Moalem-Taylor G. Detailed characterization of neuro-immune responses following neuropathic injury in mice. Brain Res. 2011;1405:95–108.
  • Austin PJ, Moalem-Taylor G. The neuro-immune balance in neuropathic pain: involvement of inflammatory immune cells, immune-like glial cells and cytokines . J Neuroimmunol. 2010;229(1–2):26–50.
  • Zuo Y, Perkins NM, Tracey DJ, et al. Inflammation and hyperalgesia induced by nerve injury in the rat: a key role of mast cells. Pain. 2003;105:467–479.
  • Malfliet A, Kregel J, Meeus M, et al. Applying contemporary neuroscience in exercise interventions for chronic spinal pain: treatment protocol. Braz J Phys Ther. 2017;21(5):378–387.
  • Trescot AM, et al. Opioids in the management of chronic non-cancer pain: an update of American Society of the Interventional Pain Physicians’ (ASIPP) guidelines. Pain Physician. 2008;11(2 suppl):S5–S62.
  • Tibone JE, Fechter J, Kao JT. Evaluation of a proprioception pathway in patients with stable and unstable shoulders with somatosensory cortical evoked potentials. J Shoulder Elbow Surg. 1997;6(5):440–443.
  • Ngian GS, Guymer EK, Littlejohn GO. The use of opioids in fibromyalgia. Int J Rheum Dis. 2011;14(1):6–11.
  • Gangadharan V, et al. Chronic musculoskeletal pain: review of mechanisms and biochemical biomarkers as assessed by the microdialysis technique. J Neurosci. 2013;39(1):1–13.
  • Goldenberg DL, Burckhardt C, Crofford L. Management of fibromyalgia syndrome. J Am Med Assoc. 2004;292(19):2388–2395.
  • Anand P, Bley K. Topical capsaicin for pain management: therapeutic potential and mechanisms of action of the new high-concentration capsaicin 8% patch. Br J Anaesth. 2011;107(4):490–502.
  • Szallasi A, Blumberg PM. Vanilloid (Capsaicin) receptors and mechanisms. Pharmacol Rev. 1999;51(2):159–211.
  • Oosterveld FG, Rasker JJ. Treating arthritis with locally applied heat or cold. Semin Arthritis Rheum. 1994;24(2):82–90.
  • Brosseau L, Yonge KA, Robinson V, et al. Thermotherapy for treatment of osteoarthritis. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2003:CD004522.
  • Malanga GA, Nadler SF. Nonoperative treatment of low back pain. Mayo Clin Proc. 1999;74(11):1135–1148.
  • Lehmann JF, Warren CG, Scham SM. Therapeutic heat and cold. Clin Orthop. 1974;(99):207–245.
  • American Physical Therapy Association. Guide to physical therapist practice. Second edition. American Physical Therapy Association. Phys Ther. 2001;81(1):9–746.
  • Johnson MI, Bjordal JM. Transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation for the management of painful conditions: focus on neuropathic pain. Expert Rev Neurother. 2011;11(5):735–753.
  • Vance CGT, Dailey DL, Rakel BA, et al. Using TENS for pain control: the state of the evidence. Pain Manag. 2014;4(3):197–209.
  • L.-C W, Weng P-W, Chen CH, et al. Literature review and meta-analysis of transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation in treating chronic back pain. Reg Anesth Pain Med. 2018;43(4):425–433.
  • Gibson W, Wand BM, Meads C, et al. Transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation (TENS) for chronic pain - an overview of Cochrane Reviews. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2019;4:CD011890.
  • Rasche D, Rinaldi PC, Young RF, et al. Deep brain stimulation for the treatment of various chronic pain syndromes. FOC. 2006;21(6):1–8.
  • Kringelbach ML, Jenkinson N, Owen SLF, et al. Translational principles of deep brain stimulation. Nat Rev Neurosci. 2007;8(8):623–635.
  • Bittar RG, Kar-Purkayastha I, Owen SL, et al. Deep brain stimulation for pain relief: a meta-analysis. J Clin Neurosci. 2005;12(5):515–519.
  • Boccard SGJ, Pereira EAC, Aziz TZ. Deep brain stimulation for chronic pain. J Clin Neurosci. 2015;22(10):1537–1543.
  • Rosen AC, Ramkumar M, Nguyen T, et al. Noninvasive transcranial brain stimulation and pain. Curr Pain Headache Rep. 2009;13(1):12–17.
  • Melzack R, Wall PD. Pain mechanisms: a new theory. Pain Clin. 1994;7(1):57–72.
  • Linderoth B, Foreman RD. Physiology of spinal cord stimulation: review and update. Neuromodulation. 1999;2(3):150–164.
  • Kumar K, Taylor RS, Jacques L, et al. The effects of spinal cord stimulation in neuropathic pain are sustained: a 24-month follow-up of the prospective randomized controlled multicenter trial of the effectiveness of spinal cord stimulation. Neurosurgery. 2008;63(4):762–768.
  • Linderoth B, Foreman RD. Mechanisms of spinal cord stimulation in painful syndromes: role of animal models. Pain Med. 2006;7(suppl 1):S14–S26.
  • Hayden J, van Tulder MW, Malmivaara A, et al. Exercise therapy for treatment of non-specific low back pain. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2005:CD000335.
  • Hayden JA, Van Tulder MW, Malmivaara AV, et al. Meta-analysis: exercise therapy for nonspecific low back pain. Ann Intern Med. 2005;142(9):765–775.
  • Luomajoki H, Kool J, De Bruin ED, et al. Effects of proprioceptive exercises on pain and function in chronic neck- and low back pain rehabilitation: a systematic literature review. BMC Musculoskelet Disord. 2014;9:382.
  • Mohamed AA. Can proprioceptive training reduce muscle fatigue in patients with motor neuron diseases? A new direction of treatment. Front Physiol. 2019;10:1243.
  • Mohammed AA. Can proprioceptive training enhance fatigability and decrease progression rate of sarcopenia in seniors? A novel approach. Curr Rheumatol Rev. 2020.
  • Mohamed A, Jan Y-K, El Sayed WH, et al. Dynamic scapular recognition exercise improves scapular upward rotation and shoulder pain and disability in patients with adhesive capsulitis: a randomized controlled trial. J Man Manip. Ther. 2020;28(3):146–158.
  • Mohamed AA, Jan Y-K. Effect of adding proprioceptive exercise to balance training in older adults with diabetes: a systematic review. Curr Diabetes Rev. 2020;15:1–13.
  • Alawna M, Mohamed AA. Short-term and long-term effects of ankle joint taping and bandaging on balance, proprioception and vertical jump among volleyball players with chronic ankle instability. Phys Ther Sport. 2020;46:145–154.
  • Ceballos CC, Roque AC, Leão RM. The role of negative conductances in neuronal subthreshold properties and synaptic integration. Biophys Rev. 2017;9(5):827–834.
  • Dagostin AA, Lovell PV, Hilscher MM, et al. Control of phasic firing by a background leak current in avian forebrain auditory neurons. Front Cell Neurosci. 2015;9:471–417.
  • Zsiros V, Hestrin S. Background synaptic conductance and precision of EPSP-spike coupling at pyramidal cells. J Neurophysiol. 2005;93(6):3248–3256.
  • Huang S, Hong S, Schutter ED. Non-linear leak currents affect mammalian neuron physiology. Front Cell Neurosci. 2015;9:1–10.
  • Káli S, Zemankovics R. The effect of dendritic voltage-gated conductances on the neuronal impedance: a quantitative model. J Comput Neurosci. 2012;33(2):257–284.
  • Dik OE. Nonlinear dynamics of firing activity patterns of nociceptive neurons during management of damaging pain stimulation. Tech Phys. 2019;64(3):427–435.
  • Morisset V, Nagy F. Nociceptive integration in the rat spinal cord: role of non-linear membrane properties of deep dorsal horn neurons. Eur J Neurosci. 1998;10(12):3642–3652.
  • Kovalsky Y, Amir R, Devor M. Simulation in sensory neurons reveals a key role for delayed Na + current in subthreshold oscillations and ectopic discharge: implications for neuropathic pain. J Neurophysiol. 2009;102(3):1430–1442.
  • Ferreira J, Trichês KM, Medeiros R, et al. Mechanisms involved in the nociception produced by peripheral protein kinase c activation in mice. Pain. 2005;117(1–2):171–181.
  • Gjerstad J, Tjølsen A, Svendsen F, et al. Inhibition of spinal nociceptive responses after intramuscular injection of capsaicin involves activation of noradrenergic and opioid systems. Brain Res. 2000;859(1):132–136.
  • Li KC, Chen J. Altered pain-related behaviors and spinal neuronal responses produced by s.c. injection of melittin in rats. Neuroscience. 2004;126(3):753–762.
  • Kakita K, Tsubouchi H, Adachi M, et al. Local subcutaneous injection of chlorogenic acid inhibits the nociceptive trigeminal spinal nucleus caudalis neurons in rats. Neurosci Res. 2018;134:49–55.
  • Li Y, Liu X, Liu C, et al. Improvement of morphine-mediated analgesia by inhibition of β-arrestin2 expression in mice periaqueductal gray matter. Int J Mol Sci. 2009;10(3):954–963.
  • Yang CH, Huang HW, Chen KH, et al. Antinociceptive potentiation and attenuation of tolerance by intrathecal β-arrestin 2 small interfering RNA in rats. Br J Anaesth. 2011;107(5):774–781.
  • Lundstrom BN, Van Gompel J, Khadjevand F, et al. Chronic subthreshold cortical stimulation and stimulation-related EEG biomarkers for focal epilepsy. Brain Commun. 2019;1(1):1–8.
  • Cloutier R, Horr S, Niemi JB, et al. Prolonged mechanical noise restores tactile sense in diabetic neuropathic patients. Int J Low Extrem Wounds. 2009;8(1):6–10.
  • Hijmans JM, Geertzen JHB, Zijlstra W, et al. Effects of vibrating insoles on standing balance in diabetic neuropathy. J Rehabil Res Dev. 2008;45(9):1441–1449.
  • Hijmans JM, Geertzen JHB, Schokker B, et al. Development of vibrating insoles. Int J Rehabil Res. 2007;30(4):343–345.

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.