Balance assessment tools and their psychometric properties among individuals post-stroke: a systematic review

References

• Grotta JC, Albers GW, Broderick JP, et al. Stroke: pathophysiology, diagnosis, and management. 7. ed. Philadelphia: Elsevier, Inc.; 2021.
   Google Scholar
• Norrving B, Kissela B. The global burden of stroke and need for a continuum of care. Neurology. 2013;80(3 Suppl 2): S5–S12.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bohannon RW, Leary KM. Standing balance and function over the course of acute rehabilitation. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 1995;76(11):994–996.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Geurts AC, de Haart M, van Nes IJ, et al. A review of standing balance recovery from stroke. Gait Posture. 2005;22(3):267–281.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Keenan MA, Perry J, Jordan C. Factors affecting balance and ambulation following stroke. Clin Orthop Relat Res. 1984; 182:165–171.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shumway-Cook A, Woollacott MH. Motor control: translating research into clinical practice. Fifth edition. ed. Philadelphia: Wolters Kluwer; 2017.
   Google Scholar
• Alemdaroğlu E, Uçan H, Topçuoğlu AM, et al. In-hospital predictors of falls in community-dwelling individuals after stroke in the first 6 months after a baseline evaluation: a prospective cohort study. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 2012;93(12):2244–2250.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Weerdesteyn V, de Niet M, van Duijnhoven HJ, et al. Falls in individuals with stroke. J Rehabil Res Dev. 2008;45(8):1195–1213.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Horak FB. Clinical assessment of balance disorders. Gait Posture. 1997;6(1):76–84.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ginty AT. Psychometric properties. In: Gellman MD, Turner JR, editors. Encyclopedia of behavioral medicine. New York, NY: Springer; 2013. p. 1563–1564.
   Google Scholar
• Sibley KM, Beauchamp MK, Van Ooteghem K, et al. Using the systems framework for postural control to analyze the components of balance evaluated in standardized balance measures: a scoping review. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 2015;96(1):122–132 e29.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Berg KO, Wood-Dauphinee SL, Williams JI, et al. Measuring balance in the elderly: validation of an instrument. Can J Public Health. 1992;83 Suppl 2:S7–S11.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Benaim C, Pérennou DA, Villy J, et al. Validation of a standardized assessment of postural control in stroke patients: the postural assessment scale for stroke patients (PASS). Stroke. 1999;30(9):1862–1868.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Horak FB, Wrisley DM, Frank J. The Balance evaluation systems test (BESTest) to differentiate balance deficits. Phys Ther. 2009;89(5):484–498.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sibley KM, Straus SE, Inness EL, et al. Clinical balance assessment: perceptions of commonly-used standardized measures and current practices among physiotherapists in Ontario, Canada. Implement Sci. 2013;8:33.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Moher D, Liberati A, Tetzlaff J, et al. Preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta-analyses: the PRISMA statement. Ann Intern Med. 2009;151(4):264–269, W64.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Law M, MacDermid J. Evidence-based rehabilitation: a guide to practice. 2nd ed. Thorofare, NJ: Slack Inc.; 2008.
   Google Scholar
• Aloraini SM, Gaverth J, Yeung E, et al. Assessment of spasticity after stroke using clinical measures: a systematic review. Disabil Rehabil. 2015;37(25):2313–2323.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Flamand VH, Masse-Alarie H, Schneider C. Psychometric evidence of spasticity measurement tools in cerebral palsy children and adolescents: a systematic review. J Rehabil Med. 2013;45(1):14–23.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Berg K, Wood-Dauphine S, Williams J, et al. Measuring balance in the elderly: preliminary development of an instrument. Physiother Canada. 1989;41(6):304–311.
   Google Scholar
• Blum L, Korner-Bitensky N. Usefulness of the berg balance scale in stroke rehabilitation: a systematic review. Phys Ther. 2008;88(5):559–566.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chou CY, Chien CW, Hsueh IP, et al. Developing a short form of the Berg balance scale for people with stroke. Phys Ther. 2006;86(2):195–204.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wang CH, Hsueh IP, Sheu CF, et al. Psychometric properties of 2 simplified 3-level balance scales used for patients with stroke. Phys Ther. 2004;84(5):430–438.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Abit Kocaman A, Aydoğan Arslan S, Uğurlu K, et al. Validity and reliability of the 3-Meter backward walk test in individuals with stroke. J Stroke Cerebrovasc Dis. 2021;30(1):105462.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Alghadir AH, Al-Eisa ES, Anwer S, et al. Reliability, validity, and responsiveness of three scales for measuring balance in patients with chronic stroke. BMC Neurol. 2018;18(1):141.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Alzayer L, Beninato M, Portney LG. The accuracy of individual Berg balance scale items compared with the total Berg score for classifying people with chronic stroke according to fall history. J Neurol Phys Ther. 2009;33(3):136–143.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Andersson AG, Kamwendo K, Seiger A, et al. How to identify potential fallers in a stroke unit: validity indexes of 4 test methods. J Rehabil Med. 2006;38(3):186–191.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Beninato M, Portney LG, Sullivan PE. Using the international classification of functioning, disability and health as a framework to examine the association between falls and clinical assessment tools in people with stroke. Phys Ther. 2009;89(8):816–825.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Berg K, Wood-Dauphinee S, Williams JI. The Balance scale: reliability assessment with elderly residents and patients with an acute stroke. Scand J Rehabil Med. 1995;27(1):27–36.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• English CK, Hillier SL, Stiller K, et al. The sensitivity of three commonly used outcome measures to detect change amongst patients receiving inpatient rehabilitation following stroke. Clin Rehabil. 2006;20(1):52–55.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Flansbjer UB, Blom J, Brogardh C. The reproducibility of Berg balance scale and the single-leg stance in chronic stroke and the relationship between the two tests. PM R. 2012;4(3):165–170.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Frykberg GE, Lindmark B, Lanshammar H, et al. Correlation between clinical assessment and force plate measurement of postural control after stroke. J Rehabil Med. 2007;39(6):448–453.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gath CF, Gianella MG, Bonamico L, et al. Prediction of balance after inpatient rehabilitation in stroke subjects with severe balance alterations at the admission. J Stroke Cerebrovasc Dis. 2021;30(4):105627.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gustavsen M, Aamodt G, Marit Mengshoel A. Measuring balance in sub-acute stroke rehabilitation. Adv Physiother. 2006;8(1):15–22.
   Google Scholar
• Handelzalts S, Steinberg-Henn F, Soroker N, et al. Inter-observer reliability and concurrent validity of reactive balance strategies after stroke. Isr Med Assoc J. 2019;21(12):773–778.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hellstrom K, Lindmark B, Fugl-Meyer A. The Falls-Efficacy scale, Swedish version: does it reflect clinically meaningful changes after stroke? Disabil Rehabil. 2002;24(9):471–481.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hiengkaew V, Jitaree K, Chaiyawat P. Minimal detectable changes of the berg balance scale, Fugl-Meyer assessment scale, timed "up & go" test, gait speeds, and 2-minute walk test in individuals with chronic stroke with different degrees of ankle plantarflexor tone. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 2012;93(7):1201–1208.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lee G, An S, Lee Y, et al. Clinical measures as valid predictors and discriminators of the level of community ambulation of hemiparetic stroke survivors. J Phys Ther Sci. 2016;28(8):2184–2189.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Liston RA, Brouwer BJ. Reliability and validity of measures obtained from stroke patients using the balance master. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 1996;77(5):425–430.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ng SSM, Liu TW, Kwong PWH, et al. Psychometric testing of the fall risks for older people in the community screening tool (FROP-Com screen) for community-dwelling people with stroke. PLoS One. 2020;15(5):e0233045.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Park S, Liu C, Sanchez N, et al. Using Biofeedback to reduce step length asymmetry impairs dynamic balance in people poststroke. Neurorehabil Neural Repair. 2021;35(8):738–749.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Parsa M, Rahimi A, Noorizadeh Dehkordi S. Studying the correlation between balance assessment by biodex stability system and berg scale in stroke individuals. J Bodyw Mov Ther. 2019;23(4):850–854.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Salbach NM, Mayo NE, Higgins J, et al. Responsiveness and predictability of gait speed and other disability measures in acute stroke. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 2001;82(9):1204–1212.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Saso A, Moe-Nilssen R, Gunnes M, et al. Responsiveness of the Berg balance scale in patients early after stroke. Physiother Theory Pract. 2016;32(4):251–261.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stevenson TJ. Detecting change in patients with stroke using the Berg balance scale. Aust J Physiother. 2001;47(1):29–38.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Straube D, Moore J, Leech K, et al. Item analysis of the berg balance scale in individuals with subacute and chronic stroke. Top Stroke Rehabil. 2013;20(3):241–249.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wee JY, Bagg SD, Palepu A. The Berg balance scale as a predictor of length of stay and discharge destination in an acute stroke rehabilitation setting. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 1999;80(4):448–452.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wee JY, Wong H, Palepu A. Validation of the berg balance scale as a predictor of length of stay and discharge destination in stroke rehabilitation. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 2003;84(5):731–735.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yanartaş G, Karakoyun A. Isokinetic analysis of trunk muscles in stroke patients and its association with functional parameters. J Stroke Cerebrovasc Dis. 2020;29(12):105329.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chen K-L, Chou Y-T, Yu W-H, et al. A prospective study of the responsiveness of the original and the short form Berg balance scale in people with stroke. Clin Rehabil. 2015;May29(5):468–476.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chen YM, Huang YJ, Huang CY, et al. Test-retest reliability and minimal detectable change of two simplified 3-point balance measures in patients with stroke. Eur J Phys Rehabil Med. 2017;53(5):719–724.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Huang M, Pang MY. Psychometric properties of Brief-Balance evaluation systems test (Brief-BESTest) in evaluating balance performance in individuals with chronic stroke. Brain Behav. 2017;7(3):e00649.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Huang YJ, Lin GH, Lee SC, et al. Group- and individual-level responsiveness of the 3-point berg balance scale and 3-Point postural assessment scale for stroke patients. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 2018;99(3):529–533.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Huang YJ, Lin GH, Lee SC, et al. A comparison of the responsiveness of the postural assessment scale for stroke and the Berg balance scale in patients with severe balance deficits after stroke. J Geriatr Phys Ther. 2020;43(4):194–198. /
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kocak FA, Kurt EE, Kocak Y, et al. Validity and interrater/intrarater reliability of the Turkish version of the postural assessment scale for stroke patients (PASS-Turk). Top Stroke Rehabil. 2019;26(5):373–381.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lampropoulou SI, Billis E, Gedikoglou IA, et al. Reliability, validity and minimal detectable change of the Mini-BESTest in Greek participants with chronic stroke. Physiother Theory Pract. 2019;35(2):171–182.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Liaw LJ, Hsieh CL, Hsu MJ, et al. Test-retest reproducibility of two short-form balance measures used in individuals with stroke. Int J Rehabil Res. 2012;35(3):256–262.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Liaw LJ, Hsieh CL, Lo SK, et al. The relative and absolute reliability of two balance performance measures in chronic stroke patients. Disabil Rehabil. 2008;30(9):656–661.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Madhavan S, Bishnoi A. Comparison of the mini-balance evaluations systems test with the Berg balance scale in relationship to walking speed and motor recovery post stroke. Top Stroke Rehabil. 2017;24(8):579–584.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mao HF, Hsueh IP, Tang PF, et al. Analysis and comparison of the psychometric properties of three balance measures for stroke patients. Stroke. 2002;33(4):1022–1027.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Puckree T, Naidoo P. Balance and stability-focused exercise program improves stability and balance in patients after acute stroke in a resource-poor setting. PM R. 2014;6(12):1081–1087.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Sahin IE, Guclu-Gunduz A, Yazici G, et al. The sensitivity and specificity of the balance evaluation systems test-BESTest in determining risk of fall in stroke patients. NeuroRehabilitation. 2019;44(1):67–77.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tsang CS, Liao LR, Chung RC, et al. Psychometric properties of the mini-balance evaluation systems test (Mini-BESTest) in community-dwelling individuals with chronic stroke. Phys Ther. 2013;93(8):1102–1115.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Winairuk T, Pang MYC, Saengsirisuwan V, et al. Comparison of measurement properties of three shortened versions of the balance evaluation system test (BESTest) in people with subacute stroke. J Rehabil Med. 2019;51(9):683–691.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chien CW, Lin JH, Wang CH, et al. Developing a short form of the postural assessment scale for people with stroke. Neurorehabil Neural Repair. 2007;21(1):81–90.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bergqvist GM, Nasic S, Persson CU. Inter-rater reliability of the Swedish modified version of the postural assessment scale for stroke patients (SwePASS) in the acute phase after stroke. Top Stroke Rehabil. 2019;26(5):366–372.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chien CW, Hu MH, Tang PF, et al. A comparison of psychometric properties of the smart balance master system and the postural assessment scale for stroke in people who have had mild stroke. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 2007;88(3):374–380.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Di Monaco M, Trucco M, Di Monaco R, et al. The relationship between initial trunk control or postural balance and inpatient rehabilitation outcome after stroke: a prospective comparative study. Clin Rehabil. 2010;24(6):543–554.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Estrada-Barranco C, Cano-de-la-Cuerda R, Abuin-Porras V, et al. Postural Assessment scale for stroke patients in acute, subacute and chronic stage: a construct validity study. Diagnostics (Basel). 2021;11(2):365.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Hsueh IP, Chen KL, Chou YT, et al. Individual-level responsiveness of the original and short-form postural assessment scale for stroke patients. Phys Ther. 2013;93(10):1377–1382.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Huang CY, Song CY, Chen KL, et al. Validation and establishment of an Interval-Level measure of the balance assessment in sitting and standing positions in patients with stroke. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 2016;97(6):938–946.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Huang YC, Wang WT, Liou TH, et al. Postural Assessment scale for stroke patients scores as a predictor of stroke patient ambulation at discharge from the rehabilitation ward. J Rehabil Med. 2016;48(3):259–264.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lin JH, Hsu MJ, Hsu HW, et al. Psychometric comparisons of 3 functional ambulation measures for patients with stroke. Stroke. 2010;41(9):2021–2025.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yu WH, Chen KL, Chou YT, et al. Responsiveness and predictive validity of the hierarchical balance short forms in people with stroke. Phys Ther. 2013;93(6):798–808.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yu WH, Hsueh IP, Hou WH, et al. A comparison of responsiveness and predictive validity of two balance measures in patients with stroke. J Rehabil Med. 2012;44(2):176–180.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Clark E, Hill KD, Punt TD. Responsiveness of 2 scales to evaluate lateropulsion or pusher syndrome recovery after stroke. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 2012;93(1):149–155.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Aydoğan Arslan S, Demirci CS, Katirci Kirmaci Zİ, et al. Reliability and validity of Turkish version of the brief-BESTest in stroke patients. Top Stroke Rehabil. 2021;28(7):488–497.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cramer E, Weber F, Faro G, et al. Cross-cultural adaption and validation of the German version of the Mini-BESTest in individuals after stroke: an observational study. Neurol Res Pract. 2020;2:27.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Göktaş A, Çolak FD, Kar İ, et al. Reliability and validity of the Turkish version of the Mini-BESTest balance scale in patients with stroke. Turk J Neurol. 2020;26(4):303–310.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Beauchamp MK, Niebuhr R, Roche P, et al. A prospective study to establish the minimal clinically important difference of the Mini-BESTest in individuals with stroke. Clin Rehabil. 2021;35(8):1207–1215.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bergstrom M, Lenholm E, Franzen E. Translation and validation of the Swedish version of the mini-BESTest in subjects with Parkinson’s disease or stroke: a pilot study. Physiother Theory Pract. 2012;28(7):509–514.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Chinsongkram B, Chaikeeree N, Saengsirisuwan V, et al. Responsiveness of the balance evaluation systems test (BESTest) in people with subacute stroke. Phys Ther. 2016;96(10):1638–1647.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chinsongkram B, Chaikeeree N, Saengsirisuwan V, et al. Reliability and validity of the balance evaluation systems test (BESTest) in people with subacute stroke. Phys Ther. 2014;94(11):1632–1643.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tashiro H, Isho T, Takeda T, et al. Utility of dynamic balance measurements in discriminating community ambulation levels among individuals with stroke: a cross-sectional study. J Stroke Cerebrovasc Dis. 2020;29(4):104603.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Russell EW. The scientific foundation of neuropsychological assessment: with applications to forensic evaluation. 1st ed. Amsterdam: Elsevier; 2012.
   Google Scholar