The biopsychosocial model of pain in physiotherapy: past, present and future

References

• Breivik H, Eisenberg E, O'Brien T. The individual and societal burden of chronic pain in Europe: the case for strategic prioritisation and action to improve knowledge and availability of appropriate care. BMC Public Health. 2013;13:1229.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• van Hecke O, Torrance N, Smith BH. Chronic pain epidemiology and its clinical relevance. Br J Anaesth. 2013;111(1):13–18.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fayaz A, Croft P, Langford RM, et al. Prevalence of chronic pain in the UK: a systematic review and meta-analysis of population studies. BMJ Open. 2016;6(6):e010364.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yong RJ, Mullins PM, Bhattacharyya N. Prevalence of chronic pain among adults in the United States. Pain. 2022;163(2):e328–e332.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vos T, Abajobir AA, Abate KH, et al. Global, regional, and national incidence, prevalence, and years lived with disability for 328 diseases and injuries for 195 countries, 1990–2016: a systematic analysis for the global burden of disease study 2016. Lancet. 2017;390(10100):1211–1259.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dueñas M, Ojeda B, Salazar A, et al. A review of chronic pain impact on patients, their social environment and the health care system. J Pain Res. 2016;9:457–467.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pitcher MH, Von Korff M, Bushnell MC, et al. Prevalence and profile of high-impact chronic pain in the United States. J Pain. 2019;20(2):146–160.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Daluiso-King G, Hebron C. Is the biopsychosocial model in musculoskeletal physiotherapy adequate? An evolutionary concept analysis. Physiother Theory Pract. 2022;38(3):373–389.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mescouto K, Olson RE, Hodges PW, et al. A critical review of the biopsychosocial model of low back pain care: time for a new approach? Disabil Rehabil. 2020;7:1–15.
   Google Scholar
• Quintner JL, Cohen ML, Buchanan D, et al. Pain medicine and its models: helping or hindering? Pain Med. 2008;9(7):824–834.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Waddell G. The back pain revolution. 2nd ed. Edinburgh: Churchill Livingstone; 2004.
   Google Scholar
• Main CJ, Spanswick CC. Pain management. An interdisciplinary approach. Edinburgh: Churchill Livingstone; 2000.
   Google Scholar
• Zusman M. Structure-oriented beliefs and disability due to back pain. Austr J Physiother. 1998;44:13–20.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Haldeman S. Presidential address, North American spine society: failure of the pathology model to predict back pain. Spine (Phila Pa 1976). 1990;15(7):718–724.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Engel GL. The need for a new medical model: a challenge for biomedicine. Science. 1977;196(4286):129–136.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Raja SN, Carr DB, Cohen M, et al. The revised international association for the study of pain definition of pain: concepts, challenges, and compromises. Pain. 2020;161(9):1976–1982.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Treede RD, Rief W, Barke A, et al. Chronic pain as a symptom or a disease: the IASP classification of chronic pain for the international classification of diseases (ICD-11). Pain. 2019;160(1):19–27.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Melzack R, Casey KL. Sensory, motivational and Central control determinants of pain: a new conceptual model. In: Kehshalo DR, editor. The skin senses. Springfield, IL: Thomas; 1968. p. 423–443.
   Google Scholar
• Rethorn ZD, Rethorn TJ, Cook CE, et al. Association of burden and prevalence of arthritis with disparities in social risk factors, findings from 17 US states. Prev Chronic Dis. 2022;19:E08.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Tranaeus U, Martin S, Ivarsson A. Psychosocial risk factors for overuse injuries in competitive athletes: a mixed-studies systematic review. Sports Med. 2022;52(4):773–788.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mills SEE, Nicolson KP, Smith BH. Chronic pain: a review of its epidemiology and associated factors in population-based studies. Br J Anaesth. 2019;123(2):e273–e283.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fillingim RB. Individual differences in pain: understanding the mosaic that makes pain personal. Pain. 2017;158(1):S11–S18.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Pourbordbari N, Jensen MB, Olesen JL, et al. Bio-psycho-social characteristics and impact of musculoskeletal pain in one hundred children and adolescents consulting general practice. BMC Prim Care. 2022;23(1):20.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Nicolson PJA, Williamson E, Morris A, et al. Musculoskeletal pain and loneliness, social support and social engagement among older adults: Analysis of the Oxford Pain, Activity and Lifestyle cohort. Musculoskeletal Care. 2021;19(3):269–277.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lin I, Wiles L, Waller R, et al. What does best practice care for musculoskeletal pain look like? Eleven consistent recommendations from high-quality clinical practice guidelines: systematic review. Br J Sports Med. 2020;54(2):79–86.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• International Association for the Study of Pain. 2018. https://www.iasp-pain.org/education/curricula/iasp-curriculum-outline-on-pain-for-physical-therapy/.
   Google Scholar
• European Pain Federation (EFIC). 2017. https://europeanpainfederation.eu/education/pain-exams/edpp/.
   Google Scholar
• Jette AM. Toward a common language for function, disability, and health. Phys Ther. 2006;86(5):726–734.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• World Physiotherapy. 2019. Published https://world.physio/sites/default/files/2020-07/PS-2019-Description-of-physical-therapy.pdf.
   Google Scholar
• Gritti P. The bio-psycho-social model forty years later: a critical review. J Psychosoc Syst. 2017;1:36–41.
   Google Scholar
• Knoop J, Rutten G, Lever C, et al. Lack of consensus across clinical guidelines regarding the role of psychosocial factors within low back pain care. A systematic review. J Pain. 2021;22:1545–1559.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Karunamuni N, Imayama I, Goonetilleke D. Pathways to well-being: untangling the causal relationships among biopsychosocial variables. Soc Sci Med. 2021;272:112846.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kusnanto H, Agustian D, Hilmanto D. Biopsychosocial model of illnesses in primary care: a hermeneutic literature review. J Family Med Prim Care. 2018;7(3):497–500.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Gatchel RJ, Turk DC. Criticisms of the biopsychosocial model in spine care. Creating and then attacking a straw person. Spine (Phila Pa 1976). 2008;33(25):2831–2836.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wade DT, Halligan PW. The biopsychosocial model of illness: a model whose time has come. Clin Rehabil. 2017;31(8):995–1004.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jones M, Edwards I, Gifford L. Conceptual models for implementing biopsychosocial theory in clinical practice. Manual Ther. 2002;7(1):2–9.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Duncan K, Foster N, Bishop A. Development of a new conceptual framework for the biopsychosocial clinical approach to musculoskeletal pain using concept mapping methodology. Manual Ther. 2016;25: E51–E52.
   Google Scholar
• New Zealand Acute Low Back Pain Guide. 2004. New Zealand Acute Low Back Pain Guide. Incorporating the guide to assessing psychosocial yellow flags in acute low back pain. October 2004 Edition, 2004; Published https://www.healthnavigator.org.nz/media/1006/nz-acute-low-back-pain-guide-acc.pdf.
   Google Scholar
• Wyngaarden JJV, Noehren B, Archer KR. Assessing psychosocial profile in the physical therapy setting. J Appl Behav Res. 2019;24:e12165.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Holopainen R, Simpson P, Piirainen A, et al. Physiotherapists’ perceptions of learning and implementing a biopsychosocial intervention to treat musculoskeletal pain conditions: a systematic review and metasynthesis of qualitative studies. Pain. 2020;161(6):1150–1168.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Synnott A, O'Keeffe M, Bunzli S, et al. Physiotherapists may stigmatise or feel unprepared to treat people with low back pain and psychosocial factors that influence recovery: a systematic review. J Physiother. 2015;61(2):68–76.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gray H, Howe T. Physiotherapists’ assessment and management of psychosocial factors (yellow and blue flags) in individuals with back pain. Phys Ther Rev. 2013;18(5):379–394.
   Google Scholar
• do Prado T, Parsons J, Ripat J. Evidence-based practice for non-specific low back pain: canadian physiotherapists’ adherence, beliefs, and perspectives. Physiother Can. 2022;74(1):44–53.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Singh G, McNamee G, Sharpe L, et al. Psychological, social and lifestyle screening of people with low back pain treated by physiotherapists in a national health service musculoskeletal service: an audit. Eur J Physiother. 2021;25(1):20–26.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Man I, Kumar S, Jones M, et al. An exploration of psychosocial practice within private practice musculoskeletal physiotherapy: a cross-sectional survey. Musculoskelet Sci Pract. 2019;43:58–63.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brunner E, Dankaerts W, Meichtry A, et al. Physical therapists’ ability to identify psychological factors and their Self-Reported competence to manage chronic low back pain. Phys Ther. 2018;98(6):471–479.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zangoni G, Thomson OP. ‘I need to do another course’ - Italian physiotherapists’ knowledge and beliefs when assessing psychosocial factors in patients presenting with chronic low back pain. Musculoskelet Sci Pract. 2017;27:71–77.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Singla M, Jones M, Edwards I, et al. Physiotherapists’ assessment of patients’ psychosocial status: are we standing on thin ice? A qualitative descriptive study. Manual Ther. 2015;20(2):328–334.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Smart K, Doody C. The clinical reasoning of pain by experienced musculoskeletal physiotherapists. Manual Ther. 2007;12(1):40–49.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Hodges PW, Setchell J, Daniel E, et al. How individuals with low back pain conceptualise their condition: a collaborative modelling approach. J Pain. 2022;23(6):1060–1070.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mescouto K, Olson RE, Hodges PW, et al. Physiotherapists both reproduce and resist biomedical dominance when working with people with low back pain: a qualitative study towards new praxis. Qual Health Res. 2022;26:10497323221084358.
   Google Scholar
• Main CJ, George SZ. Psychologically informed practice for management of low back pain: future directions in practice and research. Phys Ther. 2011;91(5):820–824.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Coronado RA, Brintz CE, McKernan LC, et al. Psychologically informed physical therapy for musculoskeletal pain: current approaches, implications, and future directions from recent randomized trials. Pain Rep. 2020;5(5):e847.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Nicholas MK, George SZ. Psychologically informed interventions for low back pain: an update for physical therapists. Phys Ther. 2011;91(5):765–776.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ballengee LA, Zullig LL, George SZ. Implementation of psychologically informed physical therapy for low back pain: where do we stand, where do We go? J Pain Res. 2021;14:3747–3757.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Silva Guerrero AV, Maujean A, Campbell L, et al. A systematic review and meta-analysis of the effectiveness of psychological interventions delivered by physiotherapists on pain, disability and psychological outcomes in musculoskeletal pain conditions. Clin J Pain. 2018;34(9):838–857.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wilson S, Cramp F. Combining a psychological intervention with physiotherapy: a systematic review to determine the effect on physical function and quality of life for adults with chronic pain. Phys Ther Rev. 2018;23(3):214–226.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Simpson P, Holopainen R, Schütze R, et al. Training of physical therapists to deliver individualized biopsychosocial interventions to treat musculoskeletal pain conditions: a scoping review. Phys Ther. 2021;101:pzab188.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Craig KD, MacKenzie NE. What is pain: are cognitive and social features core components? Paediatr Neonatal Pain. 2021;3(3):106–118.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Craig KD. Toward the social communication model of pain. In: vervoort T, Karos K, Trost Z, Prkachin K, editors. Social and interpersonal dynamics in pain. Cham: Springer; 2018.
   Google Scholar
• Zajacova A, Grol-Prokopczyk H, Zimmer Z. Sociology of chronic pain. J Health Soc Behav. 2021;62(3):302–317.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhang M, Zhang Y, Kong Y. Interaction between social pain and physical pain. Brain Sci Adv. 2019;5(4):265–273.
   Google Scholar
• Sturgeon JA, Zautra AJ. Social pain and physical pain: shared paths to resilience. Pain Manag. 2016;6(1):63–74.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Eisenberger NI. The pain of social disconnection: examining the shared neural underpinnings of physical and social pain. Nat Rev Neurosci. 2012;13(6):421–434.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Craig KD. The social communication model of pain. Can Psychol. 2009;50(1):22–32.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Craig KD. Social communication model of pain. Pain. 2015;156(7):1198–1199.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Glare P, Overton S, Aubrey K. Transition from acute to chronic pain: where cells, systems and society meet. Pain Manag. 2020;10(6):421–436.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• O’Sullivan PB, Caneiro JP, O’Keeffe M, et al. Cognitive functional therapy: an integrated behavioral approach for the targeted management of disabling low back pain. Phys Ther. 2018;98(5):408–423.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• MacGregor C, Walumbe J. We need to develop our approach to socially constructed concepts including socioeconomic factors, power, ethnicity and racism in pain care and research. Pain Rehabil. 2021;2021:1–4.
   Google Scholar
• Macchia L, Oswald AJ. Physical pain, gender, and the state of the economy in 146 nations. Soc Sci Med. 2021;287:114332.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bevers K, Watts L, Kishino ND, et al. The biopsychosocial model of the assessment, prevention, and treatment of chronic pain. US Neurol. 2016;12(02):98–104.
   Google Scholar
• Wilkie R, Blagojevic-Bucknall M, Belcher J, et al. Widespread pain and depression are key modifiable risk factors associated with reduced social participation in older adults: a prospective cohort study in primary care. Medicine (Baltimore). 2016;95(31):e4111.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wilkie R, Peat G, Thomas E, et al. The keele assessment of participation: a new instrument to measure participation restriction in population studies. Combined qualitative and quantitative examination of its psychometric properties. Qual Life Res. 2005;14(8):1889–1899.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McKillop AB, Carroll LJ, Dick BD, et al. Measuring participation in patients with chronic back pain-the 5-Item pain disability index. Spine J. 2018;18(2):307–313.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tait RC, Chibnall JT, Krause S. The pain disability index: psychometric properties. Pain. 1990;40(2):171–182.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Moscrop A, Ziebland S, Bloch G, et al. If social determinants of health are so important, shouldn’t we ask patients about them? BMJ. 2020;371:m4150.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Royal Society for Public Health. Driving forward social prescribing: a framework for Allied Health Professionals, 2020. Published https://www.rsph.org.uk/our-work/resources/ahp-social-prescribing-frameworks.html.
   Google Scholar
• Husk K, Blockley K, Lovell R, et al. What approaches to social prescribing work, for whom, and in what circumstances? A realist review. Health Soc Care Commun. 2020;28(2):309–324.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Foster NE, Anema JR, Cherkin D, et al. Prevention and treatment of low back pain: evidence, challenges, and promising directions. Lancet. 2018;391(10137):2368–2383.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chalmers KJ, Madden VJ. Shifting beliefs across society would lay the foundation for truly biopsychosocial care. J Physiother. 2019;65(3):121–122.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wade D. Rehabilitation – a new approach. Part two: the underlying theories. Clin Rehabil. 2015;29(12):1145–1154.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Smith RC. Making the biopsychosocial model more scientific - its general and specific models. Soc Sci Med. 2021;272:113568.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Smith RC, Fortin AH, Dwamena F, et al. An evidence-based patient-centered method makes the biopsychosocial model scientific. Patient Educ Couns. 2013;91(3):265–270.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Naye F, Décary S, Tousignant-Laflamme Y. Development and content validity of a rating scale for the pain and disability drivers management model. Arch Physiother. 2022;12(1):14.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Ng W, Slater H, Starcevich C, et al. Barriers and enablers influencing healthcare professionals’ adoption of a biopsychosocial approach to musculoskeletal pain: a systematic review and qualitative evidence synthesis. Pain. 2021;162(8):2154–2185.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mankelow J, Ryan C, Taylor P, et al. A systematic review and Meta-Analysis of the effects of biopsychosocial pain education upon health care professional pain attitudes, knowledge, behavior and patient outcomes. J Pain. 2022;23(1):1–24.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ogden J. Do no harm: balancing the costs and benefits of patient outcomes in health psychology research and practice. J Health Psychol. 2019;24(1):25–37.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Williams Ac de C, Fisher E, Hearn L, et al. Psychological therapies for the management of chronic pain (excluding headache) in adults. Cochrane Database of Syst Rev. 2020;(8):CD007407.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Turk DC, Dworkin RH, Allen RR, et al. Core outcome domains for chronic pain clinical trials: IMMPACT recommendations. Pain. 2003;106(3):337–345.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dworkin RH, Kerns RD, McDermott MP, et al. The ACTTION guide to clinical trials of pain treatments: standing on the shoulders of giants. Pain Rep. 2019;4(3):e757.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar