Actively caring to prevent bullying in an elementary school: Prompting and rewarding prosocial behavior

References

• Bandura, A. (1997). Self-efficacy: The exercise of control. New York, NY: Freeman.
   Google Scholar
• Batson, C. D., Bolen, M. H., Cross, J. A., & Neuringer-Benefiel, H. E. (1986). Where is altruism in the altruistic personality? Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 50(1), 212–220. doi:10.1037/0022-3514.50.1.212
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bierhoff, H. W., Klein, R., & Kramp, P. (1991). Evidence for altruistic personality from data on accident research. Journal of Personality, 59(2), 263–279. doi:10.1111/j.1467-6494.1991.tb00776.x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Carr, E. G., Dunlap, G., Horner, R. H., Koegel, R. L., Turnbull, A. P., Sailor, W., … Fox, L. (2002). Positive behavior support: Evolution of an applied science. Journal of Positive Behavior Interventions, 4(1), 4–16. doi:10.1177/109830070200400102
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Colvin, G., Tobin, T., Beard, K., Hagan, S., & Sprague, J. (1998). The school bully: Assessing the problem, developing interventions, and future research directions. Journal of Behavioral Education, 8(3), 293–319. doi:10.1023/A:1022819213727
   Google Scholar
• Cornell, D. G., & Brockenbrough, K. (2004). Identification of bullies and victims: A comparison of methods. The Journal of School Violence, 3(2–3), 63–67. doi:10.1300/J202v03n02_05
   Google Scholar
• Deci, E. L. (1975). Intrinsic motivation. New York, NY: Plenum.
   Google Scholar
• Espelage, D. L., & Holt, M. K. (2001). Bullying and victimization during early adolescence: Peer influences and psychosocial correlates. Journal of Emotional Abuse, 2(2–3), 123–142. doi:10.1300/J135v02n02_08
   Google Scholar
• Felix, E. D., Sharkey, J. D., Green, J. G., Furlong, M. J., & Tanigawa, D. (2011). Getting precise and pragmatic about the assessment of bullying: The development of the California Bullying Victimization Scale. Aggressive Behavior, 37(3), 234–247. doi:10.1002/ab.20389
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Geller, E. S. (1991). If only more would actively care. Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis, 24(4), 607–612.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Geller, E. S. (2001). The psychology of safety handbook. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press.
   Google Scholar
• Geller, E. S. (Ed.). (2016). Actively caring for people: Cultivating a culture of compassion (5th ed.). Newport, VA: Make-A-Difference, LLC.
   Google Scholar
• Geller, E. S., Roberts, S., & Gilmore, M. (1996). Predicting propensity to actively care for occupational safety. Journal of Safety Research, 27(1), 1–8. doi:10.1016/0022-4375(95)00024-0
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Glew, G. M., Fan, M. Y., Katon, W., Rivara, F. P., & Kernic, M. A. (2005). Bullying, psychosocial adjustment, and academic performance in elementary school. Archives of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, 159(11), 1026–1031. doi:10.1001/archpedi.159.11.1026
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jolliffe, D., & Farrington, D. P. (2006). Examining the relationship between low empathy and bullying. Aggressive Behavior, 32(6), 540–550. doi:10.1002/ab.20154
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kaiser Family Foundation, & Nickelodeon. (2001). Talking with kids about tough issues: A national survey of parents and kids. Menlo Park, CA: Kaiser Family Foundation.
   Google Scholar
• Kaltiala-Heino, R., Rimpelä, M., Marttunen, M., Rimpelä, A., & Rantanen, P. (1999). Bullying, depression, and suicidal ideation in Finnish adolescents: School survey. Bmj, 319(7206), 348–351.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Klomek, A. B., Marrocco, F., Kleinman, M., Schonfeld, I. S., & Gould, M. S. (2007). Bullying, depression, and suicidality in adolescents. Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 46(1), 40–49.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Klomek, A. B., Sourander, A., Niemela, S., Kumpulainen, K., Piha, J., Tamminen, T. … Gould, M. S. (2009). Childhood bullying behaviors as a risk for suicide attempts and completed suicides: A population-based birth cohort study. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 48(3), 254–261. doi:10.1097/chi.0b013e318196b91f
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kohn, A. (1993). Why incentive plans cannot work. Harvard Business Review, 71(5), 54–61.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ma, X. (2002). Bullying in middle school: Individual and school characteristics of victims and offenders. School Effectiveness and School Improvement, 13(1), 63–89. doi:10.1076/sesi.13.1.63.3438
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McCarty, S. M., & Geller, E. S. (2011). Want to get rid of bullying? Then reward behavior that is incompatible with it. Behavior Analysis Digest International, 23(2), 1–7.
   Google Scholar
• Michael, J. (1982). Distinguishing between discriminative and motivational functions of stimuli. Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior, 37(1), 149–155. doi:10.1901/jeab.1982.37-149
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Michelini, R. L., Wilson, J. P., & Messe, L. A. (1975). The influence of psychological needs on helping behavior. The Journal of Personality, 91(2), 253–258. doi:10.1080/00223980.1975.9923950
   Google Scholar
• Miltenberger, R. G. (1997). Behavior modification: Principles and procedures. Pacific Grove, CA: Brooks-Cole.
   Google Scholar
• O’Moore, A. M., & Hillery, B. (1991). What do teachers need to know?. In M. Elliott (Ed.), Bullying: A practical guide to coping for schools (pp. 56–69). Harlow, England: Longman Group.
   Google Scholar
• O’Moore, M., & Kirkham, C. (2001). Self-esteem and its relationship to bullying behavior. Aggressive Behavior, 27(4), 269–283. doi:10.1002/ab.1010
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Olweus, D. (1993). Bullying at school: What we know and what we can do. Malden, MA: Blackwell Publishing.
   Google Scholar
• Pink, D. H. (2009). Drive: The surprising truth about what motivates us. New York, NY: Riverhead Books.
   Google Scholar
• Raboteau, A. (2011, July 25). Psychology professor, students say recognizing daily acts of kindness makes a huge impact. Virginia Tech: Spotlight. Retrieved from http://www.vt.edu/spotlight/impact/2011-07-25-caring/movement.html
   Google Scholar
• Robbins, R. W., Hendin, H. M., & Trzesniewski, K. H. (2001). Measuring global self-esteem: Construct validation of a single-item measure and the Rosenberg self-esteem scale. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 27(2), 151–161. doi:10.1177/0146167201272002
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rosenberg, M. (1965). Society and the adolescent self-image. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Salmon, G., James, A., & Smith, D. M. (1998). Bullying in schools: Self reported anxiety, depression, and self esteem in secondary school children. British Medical Journal, 317(7163), 924–925.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schwartz, B. (2010). Using our practical wisdom. TED.com. Retrieved from http://www.ted.com/talks/barry_schwartz_using_our_practical_wisdom.html
   Google Scholar
• Schwartz, I. S., & Baer, D. (1991). Social validity assessments: Is current practice state of the art? Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis, 24(2), 7–22. doi:10.1901/jaba.1991.24-189
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sherer, Y. C., & Nickerson, A. B. (2010). Anti-bullying practices in American schools: Perspectives of school psychologists. Psychology in the Schools, 47(3), 217–229. doi:10.1002/pits.20466
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sijtsema, J. J., Veenstra, R., Lindenberg, S., & Salmivalli, C. (2009). Empirical test of bullies’ status goals: Assessing direct goals, aggression, and prestige. Aggressive Behavior, 35(1), 57–67. doi:10.1002/ab.20282
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Smith, P. K. (2004). Bullying: Recent developments. Child and Adolescent Mental Health, 9(3), 98–103. doi:10.1111/j.1475-3588.2004.00089.x
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Sugai, G., & Horner, R. (2002). The evolution of discipline practices: School-wide positive behavior supports. Child & Family Behavior Therapy, 24(1–2), 23–50. doi:10.1300/J019v24n01_03
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Swearer, S. M., Espelage, D. L., Vaillancourt, T., & Hymel, S. (2010). What can be done about school bullying? Linking research to educational practice. Educational Researcher, 39, 38–47. doi:10.3102/0013189x09357622
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ttofi, M. M., & Farrington, D. P. (2010). Effectiveness of school-based programs to reduce bullying: A systematic and meta-analytical review. Journal of Experimental Criminology, 7(1), 27–56. doi:10.1007/s11292-010-9109-1
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Virginia Department of Education. (2011a). School summaries by ethnicity, grade, and gender from 2010–2011 academic year. Retrieved from http://www.doe.virginia.gov/statistics_reports/enrollement/fall_membership/2010-2011/school_summaries_ethnicity_2011.xls
   Google Scholar
• Virginia Department of Education. (2011b). School year 2010–2011 National School Lunch Program (NSLP) free and reduced price eligibility report. Retrieved from http://www.doe.virginia.gov/support/nutrition/statistics/free_reduced_eligibility/2010-2011/schools/2010-2011.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Whitted, S., & Dupper, R. D. (2005). Best practices for preventing or reducing bullying in schools. Children & School, 27(3), 167–175. doi:10.1093/cs/27.3.167
   Google Scholar