Attitudes and behaviors that differentiate clergy with positive mental health from those with burnout

References

• Adams, C., Hough, H., Proeschold-Bell, R. J., Yao, J., & Kolkin, M. (2017). Clergy burnout: A comparison study with other helping professions. Pastoral Psychology, 66 (2), 147–175. doi:10.1007/s11089-016-0722-4
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Beck, A., Crain, A. L., Solberg, L. I., Unützer, J., Glasgow, R. E., Maciosek, M. V., & Whitebird, R. (2011). Severity of depression and magnitude of productivity loss. Annals of Family Medicine, 9 (4), 305–311. doi:10.1370/afm.1260
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Blizzard, S. W. (1956). The minister’s dilemma. Christian Century, 73, 508–510.
   Google Scholar
• Bohnert, A. S. B., Perron, B. E., Jarman, C. N., Vaughn, M. G., Chatters, L. M., & Taylor, R. J. (2010). Use of clergy services among individuals seeking treatment for alcohol use problems. American Journal of Addictions, 19, 345–351. doi:1O.lllllj.1521-0391.2010.00050.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Boyatzis, R. E., Brizz, T., & Godwin, L. N. (2011). The effect of religious leaders’ emotional and social competencies on improving parish vibrancy. Journal of Leadership and Organizational Studies, 18 (2), 192–206. doi:10.1177/1548051810369676
   Google Scholar
• Bush, K., Kivlahan, D. R., McDonell, M. B., Fihn, S. D., & Bradley, K., for the Ambulatory Care Quality Improvement Project (ACQUIP). (1998). The AUDIT Alcohol Consumption Questions (AUDIT-C). Archives of Internal Medicine, 158 (16), 1789–1795. doi:10.1001/archinte.158.16.1789
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Campbell, D. M. (1994). The call to ordained ministry who will go for us?: An invitation to ordained ministry (pp. 26–59). Nashville, TN: Abingdon Press.
   Google Scholar
• Catalino, L. I., & Fredrickson, B. L. (2011). A Tuesday in the life of a flourisher: The role of positive emotional reactivity in optimal mental health. Emotion, 11 (4), 938–950. doi:10.1037/a0024889
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Charmaz, K. (2006). Constructing grounded theory. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
   Google Scholar
• Chatters, L. M., Mattis, J. S., Woodward, A. T., Taylor, R. J., Neighbors, H. W., & Grayman, N. A. (2011). Use of ministers for a serious personal problem among African Americans: Findings from the National Survey of American life. American Journal of Orthopsychiatry, 81 (1), 118–127. doi:10.1111/j.1939-0025.2010.01079.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fredrickson, B. L. (2001). The role of positive emotions in positive psychology: The broaden-and-build theory of positive emotions. American Psychologist, 56 (3), 218. doi:10.1037//0003-066X.56.3.218
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fredrickson, B. L. (2013). Positive emotions broaden and build. In P. Devine & A. Plant (Eds.), Advances in Experimental Social Psychology (Vol. 47, pp. 1–53). San Diego, CA: Elsevier.
   Google Scholar
• Greenhaus, J. H., & Powell, G. N. (2006). When work and family are allies: A theory of work-family enrichment. Academy of Management Review, 31(1), 72–92. doi:10.5465/amr.2006.19379625
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hall, T. W. (1997). The personal functioning of pastors: A review of empirical research with implications for the care of pastors. Journal of Psychology and Theology, 25(2), 240–253. doi:10.1177/009164719702500208
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hill, C. E., Thompson, B. J., & Williams, E. N. (1997). A guide to conducting consensual qualitative research. The Counseling Psychologist, 25 (4), 517–572. doi:10.1177/0011000097254001
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hoffman, B. M., Babyak, M. A., Craighead, W. E., Sherwood, A., Doraiswamy, P. M., Coons, M. J., & Blumenthal, J. A. (2011). Exercise and pharmacotherapy in patients with major depression. Psychosomatic Medicine, 73 (2), 127–133. doi:10.1097/PSY.0b013e31820433a5
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kantabutra, S., & Avery, G. C. (2010). The power of vision: Statements that resonate. Journal of Business Strategy, 31 (1), 37–45. doi:10.1108/02756661011012769
   Google Scholar
• Keyes, C. L. M. (2002). The mental health continuum: From languishing to flourishing in life. Journal of Health and Social Behavior, 43 (2), 207–222. doi:10.2307/3090197
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Keyes, C. L. M. (2004). The nexus of cardiovascular disease and depression revisited: The complete mental health perspective and the moderating role of age and gender. Aging & Mental Health, 8 (3), 266–274. doi:10.1080/13607860410001669804
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Keyes, C. L. M. (2005). Mental illness and/or mental health? Investigating axioms of the complete state model of health. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 73 (3), 539–548. doi:10.1037/0022-006X.73.3.539
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Keyes, C. L. M. (2007). Promoting and protecting mental health as flourishing: A complementary strategy for improving national mental health. American Psychologist, 62 (2), 95–108. doi:10.1037/0003-066X.62.2.95
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Keyes, C. L. M., Dhingra, S. S., & Simoes, E. J. (2010). Change in level of positive mental health as a predictor of future risk of mental illness. American Journal of Public Health, 100 (12), 2366–2371. doi:10.2105/AJPH.2010.192245
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Keyes, C. L. M., & Simoes, E. J. (2012). To flourish or not: Positive mental health and all-cause mortality. American Journal of Public Health, 102 (11), 2164–2172. doi:10.2105/AJPH.2012.300918
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Knox, S., Virginia, S. G., & Lombardo, J. (2002). Depression and anxiety in Roman Catholic secular clergy. Pastoral Psychology, 50 (5), 345–358.
   Google Scholar
• Knox, S., Virginia, S. G., Thull, J., & Lombardo, J. P. (2005). Depression and contributors to vocational satisfaction in Roman Catholic secular clergy. Pastoral Psychology, 54 (2), 139–153. doi:10.1007/s11089-005-6199-1
   Google Scholar
• Kroenke, K., Strine, T. W., Spitzer, R. L., Williams, J. B. W., Berry, J. T., & Mokdad, A. H. (2009). The PHQ-8 as a measure of current depression in the general population. Journal of Affective Disorders, 114 (1–3), 163–173. doi:10.1016/j.jad.2008.06.026
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kuhne, G. W., & Donaldson, J. F. (1995). Balancing ministry and management: An exploratory study of pastoral work activities. Review of Religious Research, 37 (2), 147–163. doi:10.2307/3512398
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lyubomirsky, S., King, L., & Diener, E. (2005). The benefits of frequent positive affect: Does happiness lead to success? Psychological Bulletin, 131 (6), 803–855. doi:10.1037/0033-2909.131.6.803
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Maslach, C., Jackson, S. E., & Leiter, M. P. (1996). Maslach Burnout Inventory Manual (Third ed.). Mountain View, CA: CPP, Inc.
   Google Scholar
• Maslach, C., Schaufeli, W. B., & Leiter, M. P. (2001). Job burnout. Annual Review of Psychology, 52, 397–422. doi:10.1146/annurev.psych.52.1.397
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Milstein, G., Kennedy, G. J., Bruce, M. L., Flannelly, K., Chelchowski, N., & Bone, L. (2005). The clergy’s role in reducing stigma: A bilingual study of elder patients’ views. World Psychiatry, 4 (S1), 26–32.
   Google Scholar
• Nitzsche, A., Pfaff, H., Jung, J., & Driller, E. (2013). Work–life balance culture, work–home interaction, and emotional exhaustion. Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, 55 (1), 67–73. doi:10.1097/JOM.0b013e31826eefb1
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pargament, K. I., & Mahoney, A. (2005). Theory: Sacred matters: Sanctification as a vital topic for the psychology of religion. International Journal for the Psychology of Religion, 15 (3), 179–198. doi:10.1207/s15327582ijpr1503_1
   Google Scholar
• Proeschold-Bell, R. J., LeGrand, S., James, J., Wallace, A., Adams, C., & Toole, D. (2011). A theoretical model of the holistic health of United Methodist clergy. Journal of Religion and Health, 50 (3), 700–720. doi:10.1007/s10943-009-9250-1
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Proeschold-Bell, R. J., Miles, A., Toth, M., Adams, C., Smith, B. W., & Toole, D. (2013). Using effort-reward imbalance theory to understand high rates of depression and anxiety among clergy. The Journal of Primary Prevention, 34 (6), 439–453. doi:10.1007/s10935-013-0321-4
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Proeschold-Bell, R. J., Swift, R., Moore, H. E., Bennett, G., Li, X.-F., Blouin, R., … Toole, D. (2013). Use of a randomized multiple baseline design: Rationale and design of the Spirited Life holistic health intervention study. Contemporary Clinical Trials, 35 (2), 138–152. doi:10.1016/j.cct.2013.05.005
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Proeschold-Bell, R. J., Turner, E. L., Bennett, G. G., Yao, J., Li, X.-F., Eagle, D. E., … Toole, D. C. (2017). A 2-year holistic health and stress intervention: Results of an RCT in clergy. American Journal of Preventive Medicine, 53 (3), 290–299. doi:10.1016/j.ampere.2017.04.009
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Puhl, L. J. (1951). Translation: The spiritual exercises of St. Ignatius of Loyola. Retrieved from http://spex.ignatianspirituality.com/SpiritualExercises/Puhl.
   Google Scholar
• Stewart-Sicking, J. A. (2012). Subjective well-being among Episcopal priests: Predictors and comparisons to non-clinical norms. Journal of Prevention & Intervention in the Community, 40 (3), 180–193. doi:10.1080/10852352.2012.680408
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Wang, P. S., Berglund, P. A., & Kessler, R. C. (2003). Patterns and correlates of contacting clergy for mental disorders in the United States. Health Services Research, 38 (2), 647–673. doi:10.1111/1475-6773.00138
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar