Patterns and determinants of human-carnivore conflicts in Central Iran: realities and perceptions behind the conflict

References

• Agarwala, M., Kumar, S., Treves, A., & Naughton-Treves, L. (2010). Paying for wolves in Solapur, India and Wisconsin, USA: Comparing compensation rules and practices to understand the goals and politics of wolf conservation. Biological Conservation, 143(12), 2945–2955. doi:10.1016/j.biocon.2010.05.003
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Akbari, H., Sadeghi, A., Farhadinia, M. S., Golmohammadi, M. S., & Hojati, V. (2010). Identification of Mammalian fauna of abbasabad wildlife refuge Naeen, Isfahan Province, Iran. Journal of Animal Biology, 2(3), 19–31.
   Google Scholar
• Athreya, V., Odden, M., Linnell, J., Krishnaswamy, J., & Karanth, U. (2013). Big cats in our backyards: Persistence of large carnivores in a human dominated landscape in India. PLoSOne, 8, e57872. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0057872
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bagchi, S., & Mishra, C. (2006). Living with large carnivores: Predation on livestock by the snow leopard (Uncia uncia). Journal of Zoology, 268, 217–224. doi:10.1111/jzo.2006.268.issue-3
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Behdarvand, N., & Kaboli, M. (2015). Characteristics of gray wolf attacks on human in an altered landscape in the west of Iran. Human Dimensions of Wildlife, 20(2), 112–122. doi:10.1080/10871209.2015.963747
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Behdarvand, N., Kaboli, M., Ahmadi, M., Nourani, E., Salman Mahini, A., & Asadi, M. (2014). Spatial risk model and mitigation implications for wolf-human conflict in a highly modified agroecosystem in western Iran. Biological Conservation, 177, 156–164. doi:10.1016/j.biocon.2014.06.024
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bisi, J., Kurki, S., Svensberg, M., & Liukkonen, T. (2007). Human dimensions of wolf (Canis lupus) conflicts in Finland. European Journal of Wildlife Research, 53(4), 304–314. doi:10.1007/s10344-007-0092-4
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Breitenmoser, U., Angst, C., Landry, J., Breitenmoser-Würsten, C., Linell, J., & Weber, J. (2005). Non-lethal techniques for reducing depredation. In R. Woodruffe, S. Thirgood, & A. Rabinowitz (Eds.), People and wildlife: Conflict or co-existence? (pp. 49–71). Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Bulte, E., & Rondeau, D. (2007). Compensation for wildlife damages: Habitat conversion, species preservation and local welfare. Journal of Environmental Economics and Management, 54(3), 311–322. doi:10.1016/j.jeem.2007.02.003
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Burnham, K. P., & Anderson, D. R. (2002). Model selection and multimodel inference: A practical information-theoretic approach, 2nd ed. New York, NY: Springer Publishing.
   Google Scholar
• Cardillo, M., Purvis, A., Sechrest, W., Gittleman, J. L., Bielby, J., & Mace, G. M. (2004). Human population density and extinction risk in the world’s carnivores. PLoS. Biology, 2, e197. PMID:15252445. doi:10.1371/journal.pbio.0020197
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Caro, T. M., & Fitzgibbon, C. D. (1992). Large carnivores and their prey: The quick and the dead. In M. J. Crawley (Ed.), Natural Enemies: The population biology of predators, parasites and diseases (pp. 117–142). Malden, USA: Blackwell Scientific.
   Google Scholar
• Chapron, G., Kaczensky, P., Linnell, J. D., von Arx, M., Huber, D., Andren, H., … Boitani, L. (2014). Recovery of large carnivores in Europe’s modern human-dominated landscapes. Science, 346(6216), 1517–1519. doi:10.1126/science.1257553
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chavez, A. S., Gese, E. M., & Krannich, R. S. (2005). Attitudes of rural landowners toward wolves in northwestern Minnesota. Wildlife Society Bulletin, 33(2), 517–527. doi:10.2193/0091-7648(2005)33[517:AORLTW]2.0.CO;2
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chevan, A., & Sutherland, M. (1991). Hierarchical partitioning. American Statistician, 45(2), 90–96.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chynoweth, M., Coban, E., Altin, C., & Sekercioglu, C. (2016). Human–Wildlife conflict as a barrier to large carnivore management and conservation in Turkey. Turkish Journal of Zoology, 40, 972–983. doi:10.3906/zoo-1509-6
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cochran, W. G. (1977). Sampling techniques (3rd ed.). New York, NY: John Wiley & Sons.
   Google Scholar
• Conforti, V. A., & de Azevedo, C. C. A. (2003). Local perceptions of jaguars (Panthera onca) and pumas (Puma concolor) in the Iguacu National Park area, south Brazil. Biological Conservation, 111(2), 215–221. doi:10.1016/S0006-3207(02)00277-X
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dickman, A. J. (2010). Complexities of conflict: The importance of considering social factors for effectively resolving human-wildlife conflict. Animal Conservation, 13(5), 458–466. doi:10.1111/acv.2010.13.issue-5
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ericsson, G., & Heberlein, T. (2003). Attitudes of hunters, locals, and the general public in Sweden now that the wolves are back. Biological Conservation, 111(2), 149–159. doi:10.1016/S0006-3207(02)00258-6
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Farhadinia, M. S., Akbari, H., Beheshti, M., Sadeghi, A., & Halvani, M. R. (2008). Felids of Abbasabad Naein Reserve, Iran. Cat News, 48, 14–16.
   Google Scholar
• Frank, L., Woodroffe, R., & Ogada, M. O. (2005). People and predators in the Laikipia District, Kenya. In R. Woodroffe, S. Thirgood, & A. Rabinowitz (Eds.), People and wildlife: Conflict or coexistence? (pp. 286–304). Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Goodrich, J. (2010). Human-tiger conflict: A review and call for comprehensive plans. Integrative Zoology, 5, 300–312. doi:10.1111/j.1749-4877.2010.00218.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hasanzadeh, M., Kaboli, M., Khosravi, R., & Ahmadi, M. (2012). The investigation of relation between waste composition, wolf (Canis lupus) and their conflicts with native people in Hamedan province. Iranian Journal of Natural Resources, 65(1), 45–52.
   Google Scholar
• Holsman, R. H., & Peyton, R. B. (2003). Stakeholder attitudes toward ecosystem management in Southern Michigan. Wildlife Society Bulletin, 31(2), 349–361.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hosseini-Zavarei, F., Farhadinia, M. S., Beheshti-Zavareh, M., & Abdoli, A. (2013). Predation by grey wolf on wild ungulates and livestock in central Iran. Journal of Zollogy, 290, 127–134.
   Google Scholar
• Hussain, S. (2000). Protecting the snow leopard and enhancing farmers’ livelihoods. Mountain Research and Development, 20, 226–231. doi:10.1659/0276-4741(2000)020[0226:PTSLAE]2.0.CO;2
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kansky, R., Kidd, M., & Knight, A. T. (2014). Meta-analysis of attitudes toward damagecausing mammalian wildlife. Conservation Biology, 28(4), 924–938. doi:10.1111/cobi.12275
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Karami, M., Ghadirian, T., & Fizoallahi, K. (2015). The atlas of iranian mammals, final report. Tehran, Iran: University of Tehran and The Department of Environment.
   Google Scholar
• Karanth, K., & Chellam, R. (2009). Carnivore conservation at the crossroads. Oryx, 43, 1–2. doi:10.1017/S003060530843106X
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kellert, S. R., Black, M., Rush, C. R., & Bath, A. J. (1996). Human culture and large carnivore conservation in North America. Conservation Biology, 10(4), 977–990. doi:10.1046/j.1523-1739.1996.10040977.x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lohr, C., Ballard, W. B., & Bath, A. (1996). Attitudes toward gray wolf reintroduction to New Brunswick. Wildlife Society Bulletin, 24(3), 414–420.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mac Nally, R. (2002). Multiple regression and inference in ecology and conservation biology: Further comments on identifying important predictor variables. Biodiversity and Conservation, 11(8), 1397–1401. doi:10.1023/A:1016250716679
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mac Nally, R., & Walsh, C. J. (2004). Hierarchical partitioning publicdomain software. Biodiversity and Conservation, 13(3), 659–660. doi:10.1023/B:BIOC.0000009515.11717.0b
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Madden, F. (2004). Creating coexistence between humans and wildlife: Global perspectives on local efforts to address human-wildlife conflict. Human Dimensions of Wildlife, 9(4), 247–257. doi:10.1080/10871200490505675
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Majić, A., & Bath, A. J. (2010). Changes in attitudes toward wolves in Croatia. Biological Conservation, 143(1), 255–260. doi:10.1016/j.biocon.2009.09.010
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mech, L. D., & Boitani, L. (2003). Wolves: Behavior, ecology, and conservation. Chicago, USA: University of Chicago Press.
   Google Scholar
• Mishra, C., Allen, P., McCarthy, T., Madhusudan, M. D., Bayarjargal, A., & Prins, H. H. (2003). The role of incentive programs in conserving the snow leopard. Conservation Biology, 17, 1512–1520. doi:10.1111/j.1523-1739.2003.00092.x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mishra, C., Van Wieren, S., Ketner, P., Heitkonig, I. M. A., & Prins, H. H. T. (2004). Competition between domestic livestock and wild bharal Pseudois nayaur in the Indian trans-Himalaya. Journal of Applied Ecology, 41(2), 344–354. doi:10.1111/j.0021-8901.2004.00885.x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Morrison, C., Boyce, M., Nielsen, S., & Bacon, M. (2014). Habitat selection of a re-colonized cougar population in response to seasonal fluctuations of human activity. Journal of Wildlife Management, 78(8), 1394–1403. doi:10.1002/jwmg.799
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Newsome, T., Boitani, L., Chapron, G., Ciucci, P., Dickman, C., Dellinger, J., … Ripple, W. J. (2016). Food habits of the world’s grey wolves. Mammal Review, 46(4), 255–269. doi:10.1111/mam.12067
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ogada, M. O., Woodroffe, R., Oguge, N. O., & Frank, L. G. (2003). Limiting depredation by African Carnivores: The role of livestock husbandry. Conservation Biology, 17(6), 1–10. doi:10.1111/j.1523-1739.2003.00061.x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sazatornil, V., Rodríguez, A., Klaczek, M., Ahmadi, M., Álvares, F., Arthur, S., … García, E. (2016). The role of human-related risk in breeding site selection by wolves. Biological Conservation, 201, 103–110. doi:10.1016/j.biocon.2016.06.022
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Skogen, K., & Thrane, C. (2008). Wolves in context: Using survey data to situate wolves with in a wider cultural context. Society & Natural Resources, 21(1), 17–33. doi:10.1080/08941920701460408
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Suryawanshi, K. R., Bhatnagar, Y. V., Redpath, S., Mishra, C., & Pettorelli, N. (2013). People, predators and perceptions: Patterns of livestock depredation by snow leopards and wolves. Journal of Applied Ecology, 50(3), 550–560. doi:10.1111/1365-2664.12061
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Suryawanshi, K. R., Redpath, S. M., Bhatnagar, Y. V., Ramakrishnan, U., Chaturvedi, V., Smout, S. C., & Mishra, C. (2017). Impact of wild prey availability on livestock predation by snow leopards. Royal Society Open Science, 4(6), 170026. doi:10.1098/rsos.170026
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Thirgood, S., Redpath, S., Newton, I., & Hudson, P. (1999). Raptors and red grouse: Conservation conflicts and management solutions. Conservation Biology, 14(1), 95–104. doi:10.1046/j.1523-1739.2000.99013.x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Treves, A., & Karanth, K. U. (2003). Human-carnivore conflict and perspectives on carnivore management worldwide. Conservation Biology, 17(6), 1491–1499. doi:10.1111/cbi.2003.17.issue-6
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Treves, A., Naughton-Treves, L., & Shelley, V. (2013). A longitudinal analysis of attitudes toward wolves. Conservation Biology, 27(2), 315–327. doi:10.1111/cobi.12009
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wang, S. W., & Macdonald, D. W. (2006). Livestock predation by carnivores in Jigme Singye Wangchuck National Park, Bhutan. Biological Conservation, 129(4), 558–565. doi:10.1016/j.biocon.2005.11.024
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Williams, C. K., Ericsson, G., & Heberlein, T. A. (2002). A quantitative summary of attitudes toward wolves and their reintroduction (1972-2000). Wildlife Society Bulletin, 30, 575–584.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zimmermann, A., Walpole, M. J., & Leader-Williams, N. (2005). Cattle ranchers’ attitudes to conflicts with jaguar Panthera onca in the Pantanal of Brazil. Oryx, 39(4), 406. doi:10.1017/S0030605305000992
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar