References
- Dyrbye LN, West CP, Satele D, et al. Burnout among U.S. medical students, residents, and early career physicians relative to the general U.S. population. Acad Med. 2014;89(3):443–10.
- Shanafelt TD, Boone S, Tan L, et al. Burnout and satisfaction with work-life balance among US physicians relative to the general US population. Arch Intern Med. 2012;172(18):1377–1385.
- Shanafelt TD, Balch CM, Dyrbye L, et al. Special report: suicidal ideation among American surgeons. Arch Surg. 2011;146(1):54–62.
- Schernhammer ES, Colditz GA. Suicide rates among physicians: a quantitative and gender assessment (meta-analysis). Am J Psychiatry. 2004;161(12):2295–2302.
- West CP, Dyrbye LN, Shanafelt TD. Physician burnout: contributors, consequences and solutions. J Intern Med. 2018;283(6):516–529.
- Diener E. Subjective well-being: the science of happiness and a proposal for a national index. Am Psychol. 2000;55(1):34–43.
- World Health Organization. Mental health and psychosocial considerations during the COVID-19 outbreak. [cited 2022 Feb 9]. Available from: https://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/handle/10665/331490/WHO-2019-nCoV%20-MentalHealth-2020.1-eng.pdf?sequence=1
- Batra K, Singh TP, Sharma M, et al. Investigating the Psychological Impact of COVID-19 among healthcare workers: a meta-analysis. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2020;17(23):9096.
- Kavanagh KR, Spiro J. Faculty wellness: educator burnout among otolaryngology graduate medical educators. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 2018;158(6):991–994.
- Dyrbye L, Shanafelt T. A narrative review on burnout experienced by medical students and residents. Med Educ. 2016;50(1):132–149.
- Topp CW, Østergaard SD, Søndergaard S, et al. The WHO-5 Well-Being Index: a systematic review of the literature. Psychother Psychosom. 2015;84(3):167–176.
- Psykiatric Center North Zealand. WHO-5 questionnaires. [cited 2022 Feb 9]. Available from: https://www.psykiatri-regionh.dk/who-5/who-5-questionnaires/Pages/default.aspx
- Awata S, Bech P, Koizumi Y, et al. Validity and utility of the Japanese version of the WHO-Five Well-Being Index in the context of detecting suicidal ideation in elderly community residents. Int Psychogeriatr. 2007;19(1):77–88.
- Krieger T, Zimmermann J, Huffziger S, et al. Measuring depression with a well-being index: further evidence for the validity of the WHO Well-Being Index (WHO-5) as a measure of the severity of depression. J Affect Disord. 2014;156:240–244.
- Chow KM, Tang WKF, Chan WHC, et al. Resilience and well-being of university nursing students in Hong Kong: a cross-sectional study. BMC Med Educ. 2018;18(1):13.
- Eiche C, Birkholz T, Jobst E, et al. Well-being and PTSD in German emergency medical services - A nationwide cross-sectional survey. PLoS One. 2019;14(7):e0220154.
- Nørøxe KB, Pedersen AF, Bro F, et al. Mental well-being and job satisfaction among general practitioners: a nationwide cross-sectional survey in Denmark. BMC Fam Pract. 2018;19(1):130.
- Al Mahyijari N, Badahdah A, Khamis F. The psychological impacts of COVID-19: a study of frontline physicians and nurses in the Arab world. Ir J Psychol Med. 2021;38(3):186–191.
- Kassam A, Horton J, Shoimer I, et al. Predictors of Well-Being in Resident Physicians: a Descriptive and Psychometric Study. J Grad Med Educ. 2015;7(1):70–74.
- Mirza W, Mirza AM, Saleem MS, et al. Well-being assessment of medical professionals in progressive levels of training: derived from the WHO-5 Well-Being Index. Cureus. 2018;10(12):e3790.
- Hesselink G, Straten L, Gallée L, et al. Holding the frontline: a cross-sectional survey of emergency department staff well-being and psychological distress in the course of the COVID-19 outbreak. BMC Health Serv Res. 2021;21(1):525.
- De Sio S, Cedrone F, Sanità D, et al. Quality of Life in workers and stress: gender differences in exposure to psychosocial risks and perceived well-being. Biomed Res Int. 2017;2017:7340781.
- Yang JW, Suh C, Lee CK, et al. The work-life balance and psychosocial well-being of South Korean workers. Ann Occup Environ Med. 2018;30:38.
- Eurofound. European quality of life survey - data visualisation. Health and mental well-being. WHO-5 mental well-being scale; [cited 2022 Feb 9]. Available from: https://www.eurofound.europa.eu/data/european-quality-of-life-survey
- Chan L, Dennis AA. Resilience: insights from medical educators. Clin Teach. 2019;16(4):384–389.
- Marsh HW. The measurement of physical self-concept: a construct validation approach. In: Fox KR, editor. The physical self: from motivation to well-being. Champaign (IL): Human Kinetics; 1997. p. 27–58.
- Martin AJ. Examining a multidimensional model of student motivation and engagement using a construct validation approach. Br J Educ Psychol. 2007;77(2):413–440.
- Pretsch J, Flunger B, Schmitt M. Resilience predicts well-being in teachers, but not in non-teaching employees. Soc Psychol Educ. 2012;15(3):321–336.
- Li ZS, Hasson F. Resilience, stress, and psychological well-being in nursing students: a systematic review. Nurse Educ Today. 2020;90:104440.
- Marsh HW, Hau KT, Balla JR, et al. Is more ever too much? The number of indicators per factor in confirmatory factor analysis. Multivariate Behav Res. 1998;33(2):181–220.
- Myers ND, Ahn S, Jin Y. Sample size and power estimates for a confirmatory factor analytic model in exercise and sport: a monte carlo approach. Res Q Exerc Sport. 2011;82(3):412–423.
- World Medical Association. World Medical Association Declaration of Helsinki: ethical principles for medical research involving human subjects. JAMA. 2013;310(20):2191–2194.
- Vaishnavi S, Connor K, Davidson JRT. An abbreviated version of the Connor-Davidson Resilience Scale (CD-RISC), the CD-RISC2: psychometric properties and applications in psychopharmacological trials. Psychiatry Res. 2007;152(2–3):293–297.
- Ni MY, Li TK, Yu NX, et al. Normative data and psychometric properties of the Connor–Davidson Resilience Scale (CD-RISC) and the abbreviated version (CD-RISC2) among the general population in Hong Kong. Qual Life Res. 2016;25(1):111–116.
- Artino AR, La Rochelle JS, Dezee KJ, et al. Developing questionnaires for educational research: AMEE Guide No. 87. Med Teach. 2014;36(6):463–474.
- Marsh HW, Muthén B, Asparouhov T, et al. Exploratory structural equation modeling, integrating CFA and EFA: application to students’ evaluations of university teaching. Struct Equ Modeling. 2009;16(3):439–476.
- Bryant FB, Yarnold PR. Principal-components analysis and exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis. In: Grimm LG, Yarnold PR, editors. Reading and understanding multivariate statistics. Washington (DC): American Psychological Association; 1995. p. 99–136.
- Byrne BM. Structural equation modeling with Mplus. New York (NY): Routledge; 2012.
- Anderson JC, Gerbing DW. Structural equation modeling in practice: a review and recommended two-step approach. Psychol Bull. 1988;103(3):411.
- Finney SJ, DiStefano C. Non-normal and Categorical data in structural equation modeling. In: Hancock GR, Mueller RO, editors. Structural equation modeling: a second course. Greenwich (CT): Information Age Publishing; 2006. p. 269–314.
- Schindler BA, Novack DH, Cohen DG, et al. The impact of the changing health care environment on the health and well-being of faculty at four medical schools. Acad Med. 2006;81(1):27–34.
- Harms PD, Brady L, Wood D, et al. Resilience and well-being. In: Diener E, Oishi S, Tay L, editors. Handbook of well-being. Salt Lake City (UT): DEF Publishers; 2018. p. 1–12.
- The University of Hong Kong. Finance. Revenue and Expenditure; 2019/2020. [cited 2022 Feb 9]. Available from: https://www.cpao.hku.hk/qstats/finance
- The Chinese University of Hong Kong. CUHK Facts and Figures 2020. [cited 2022 Feb 9]. Available from: https://www.iso.cuhk.edu.hk/images/publication/facts-and-figures/2020/pdf/facts_2020_en.pdf?20210205
- Cook DA, Hatala R. Got power? A systematic review of sample size adequacy in health professions education research. Adv Health Sci Educ Theory Pract. 2015;20(1):73–83.