Operationalizing a 3-year standalone, accelerated medical school curriculum to nurture physicians to become primary care and health system leaders

References

• Heiser S. AAMC report reinforces mounting physician shortage. Association of American Medical Colleges; 2021. https://www.aamc.org/news-insights/press-releases/aamc-report-reinforces-mounting-physician-shortage
   Google Scholar
• Dall T, West T, Chakrabarti R, et al. 2018 update: the complexities of physician supply and demand: projections from 2016 to 2030. Washington (DC): Association of American Medical Colleges; 2018.
   Google Scholar
• Dall TM, Gallo PD, Chakrabarti R, et al. An aging population and growing disease burden will require a large and specialized health care workforce by 2025. Health Aff. 2013 Nov;32(11):2013–13. doi: 10.1377/hlthaff.2013.0714 PMID: 24191094.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Atella V, Piano Mortari A, Kopinska J, et al. Trends in age-related disease burden and healthcare utilization. Aging Cell. 2019 Feb;18(1):e12861. doi: 10.1111/acel.12861 Epub 2018 Nov 29. PMID: 30488641; PMCID: PMC6351821.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Eyal Zimlichman MD, Wendy Nicklin BN, Aggarwal R, et al. NEJM catalyst innovations in care delivery. 2021 Mar 3.
   Google Scholar
• Institute of Medicine (US) Committee on Quality of Health Care in America. Crossing the quality chasm: a new health system for the 21st century. Washington (DC): National Academies Press (US); 2001. PMID: 25057539.
   Google Scholar
• Starfield B, Shi L, Macinko J. Contribution of primary care to health systems and health. Milbank Q. 2005;83(3):457–502. doi: 10.1111/j.1468-0009.2005.00409.x PMID: 16202000; PMCID: PMC2690145.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pilkerton CS, Singh SS, Bias TK, et al. Healthcare resource availability and cardiovascular health in the USA. BMJ Open. 2017 Dec 14;7(12):e016758. doi: 10.1136/bmjopen-2017-016758 PMID: 29247082; PMCID: PMC5735408.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Craft JA, Craft TP. Rising medical education debt a mounting concern. Graduates also face less favorable repayment terms, shortage of training positions. Mo Med. 2012 Jul-Aug;109(4):266–270. doi: 10.1001/jama.2011.1247 PMID: 22953586; PMCID: PMC6179784
   Google Scholar
• Rosenblatt RA, Andrilla CH. The impact of U.S. medical students’ debt on their choice of primary care careers: an analysis of data from the 2002 Medical School Graduation Questionnaire. Acad Med. 2005;80(9):815. doi: 10.1097/00001888-200509000-00006
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Association of American Medical Colleges. All Schools Report (Final). Medical school graduation questionnaire. CME Report 1, I-10. 2009.
   Google Scholar
• Abramson SB, Jacob D, Rosenfeld M, et al. A 3-year M.D.–accelerating careers, diminishing debt. N Engl J Med. 2013 Sep 19;369(12):1085–1087. doi: 10.1056/NEJMp1304681 PMID: 24047055.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cangiarella J, Fancher T, Jones B, et al. Three-year MD programs: perspectives from the consortium of accelerated medical pathway programs (CAMPP). Acad Med. 2017;92(4):483–490. doi: 10.1097/ACM.0000000000001465
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schwartz CC, Ajjarapu AS, Stamy CD, et al. Comprehensive history of three-year and accelerated US medical school programs: a century in review. Med Educ Online. 2018 Dec;23(1):1530557. doi: 10.1080/10872981.2018.1530557
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Raymond JR Sr, Kerschner JE, Hueston WJ, et al. The merits and challenges of three-year medical school curricula: time for an evidence-based discussion. Academic Medicine. 2015;90(10):1318–1323. doi:10.1097/acm.0000000000000862 Epub 2015/08/13
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bell HS, Ferretti SM, Ortoski RA. A three-year accelerated medical school curriculum designed to encourage and facilitate primary care careers. Acad Med. 2007;82(9):895–899. doi:10.1097/ACM.0b013e31812f7704 Epub 2007/08/30
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cangiarella J, Fancher T, Jones B, et al. Three-year MD programs: perspectives from the consortium of accelerated medical pathway programs (CAMPP). Acad Med. 2016. doi: 10.1097/acm.0000000000001465 PubMed PMID: 27805950. Epub 2016/11/03.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Emanuel EJ, Fuchs VR. Shortening medical training by 30%. JAMA. [2012 Mar 21];307(11):1143–1144. doi: 10.1001/jama.2012.292 PMID: 22436952.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ford CD, Patel PG, Sierpina VS, et al. Longitudinal continuity learning experiences and primary care career interest: outcomes from an innovative medical school curriculum. J Gen Intern Med. 2018 Oct;33(10):1817–1821. doi: 10.1007/s11606-018-4600-x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Leong SL, Gillespie C, Jones B, et al. Accelerated three-year MD pathway programs: graduates’ perspectives on education quality, the learning environment, residency readiness, debt, burnout, and career plans. Acad Med. 2022 Feb 1;97(2):254–261. doi: 10.1097/ACM.0000000000004332
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ackermann RJ, Comeau RW. Mercer university school of medicine: a successful approach to primary care medical education. Fam Med. 1996 Jun;28(6):395–402. PMID: 8791066.
   Google Scholar
• LCME Standards:. Functions and structure of a medical school. Available from: https://lcme.org/publications/
   Google Scholar
• USMLE Content Outline. Available from: https://www.usmle.org/sites/default/files/2022-01/USMLE_Content_Outline_0.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Barrows HS, Kelson A. Problem-based learning in secondary education and the problem- based learning institute. Springfield: Southern Illinois University School of Medicine; 1993.
   Google Scholar
• Savery JR. Overview of problem-based learning: definitions and distinctions. In: Walker A, Leary H, Hmelo-Silver C Ertmer PA, editors. Essential readings in problem-based learning: exploring and extending the legacy of Howard S. Barrows. (IN): Purdue University Press; 2015. p. 5–16.
   Google Scholar
• Gonzalo JD, Dekhtyar M, Starr SR, et al. Health systems science curricula in undergraduate medical education: identifying and defining a potential curricular framework. Acad Med. 2017 Jan;92(1):123–131. doi: 10.1097/ACM.0000000000001177
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Deming WE. Out of the crisis. Cambridge (MA): Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Center for advanced engineering study; 1986. p. 6.
   Google Scholar
• The Alliance for Health Policy and Systems Research. Systems thinking. Alliance for Health Policy and Systems Research; 21 C.E., July 29.
   Google Scholar
• MedBiquitous Curriculum Inventory Working Group Standardized Vocabulary Subcommittee. Curriculum inventory standardized instructional and assessment methods and resource types (March 2016 version). Washington (DC): Association of American Medical Colleges; 2016.
   Google Scholar
• Slepkov AD, Van Bussel ML, Fitze KM, et al. A baseline for multiple choice testing in the university classroom. Sage Open. 2021;11(2). doi: 10.1177/21582440211016838.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pfarrwaller E, Sommer J, Chung C, et al. Impact of interventions to increase the proportion of medical students choosing a primary care career: a systematic review. J Gen Intern Med. 2015 Sep;30(9):1349–1358. doi: 10.1007/s11606-015-3372-9 PMID: 26173529; PMCID: PMC4539313.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ladha FA, Pettinato AM, Perrin AE. Medical student residency preferences and motivational factors: a longitudinal, single-institution perspective. BMC Med Educ. [2022 Mar 17];22(1):187. doi: 10.1186/s12909-022-03244-7 PMID: 35300656; PMCID: PMC8929265.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Leong SL, Gillespie C, Jones B, et al. Accelerated 3-year MD pathway programs: graduates’ perspectives on education quality, the learning environment, residency readiness, debt, burnout, and career plans. Acad Med. 2022 Feb;97(2):254–261. doi: 10.1097/ACM.0000000000004332
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• AAMC Resident Readiness Survey Project | AAMC. AAMC; n.d. Available from: https://www.aamc.org/data-reports/students-residents/report/rrs-project
   Google Scholar
• Primary care. AAFP; n.d. Available from: http://www.aafp.org/about/policies/all/primary-care.html
   Google Scholar
• Cangiarella J, Gillespie C, Shea JA, et al. Accelerating medical education: a survey of deans and program directors. Med Educ Online. 2016;21(1):31794. doi: 10.3402/meo.v21.31794
   Google Scholar
• Goldfarb S, Morrison G. The 3-year medical school—change or shortchange? N Engl J Med. 2013;369(12):1087–1089. doi: 10.1056/NEJMp1306457
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Leong SL, Cangiarella J, Fancher T, et al. Roadmap for creating an accelerated three-year medical education program. Med Educ Online. 2017;22(1):1396172. doi: 10.1080/10872981.2017.1396172
   Google Scholar
• Aschenbrener CA, Ast C, Kirch DG. Graduate medical education: its role in achieving a true medical education continuum. Acad Med. 2015;90(9):1203–1209. doi: 10.1097/acm.0000000000000829 Epub 2015/07/16
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Murphy B. How free medical school tuition can change the physician workforce. Ama. 2019. Available from: https://www.ama-assn.org/medical-students/preparing-medical-school/how-free-medical-school-tuition-can-change-physician
   Google Scholar
• Erikson CE, Danish S, Jones KC, et al. The role of medical school culture in primary care career choice. Acad Med. 2013 Dec;88(12):1919–1926. doi: 10.1097/ACM.0000000000000038
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Amezquita L, George P, Adashi EY. Clogs in the pipeline: how GME funding contributes to the primary care shortage. Am J Med. 2020 Sep;133(9):e455–e456. doi: 10.1016/j.amjmed.2020.02.049 Epub 2020 Apr 7. PMID: 32275890.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Harvey JB, Vanderbrink J, Mahmud Y, et al. Understanding how health systems facilitate primary care redesign. Health Serv Res. 2020 Dec;55(Suppl 3):1144–1154. doi: 10.1111/1475-6773.13576 PMID: 33284524; PMCID: PMC7720713.
   Google Scholar
• Holt KD, Miller R, Philibert I, et al. Effects of potential federal funding cuts on graduate medical education: results of a survey of designated institutional officials. J Grad Med Educ. 2014 Mar;6(1):183–188. doi: 10.4300/JGME-06-01-40 PMID: 24701338; PMCID: PMC3963787.
   Google Scholar
• Dandar VM, Grigsby RK, Bunton SA, et al. Burnout among faculty in academic medicine. AAMC Anal Brief. 2019;19(1):1–3.
   Google Scholar
• Shanafelt TD, West CP, Sloan JA, et al. Career fit and burnout among academic faculty. Arch Intern Med. [2009 May 25];169(10):990–995. doi: 10.1001/archinternmed.2009.70 PMID: 19468093.
   Google Scholar
• Husmann PR. Medical student study strategies in relation to class size and course length. HAPS Educ. 2018;22(3):187–198. doi: 10.21692/haps.2018.024
   Google Scholar