The Effects of ADHD Treatment and Reading Intervention on the Fluency and Comprehension of Children with ADHD and Word Reading Difficulties: A Randomized Clinical Trial

References

• American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry. (2007). Practice parameter for the assessment and treatment of children and adolescents with Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder. Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 46(7), 894–921. doi:10.1097/chi.0b013e318054e724
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bedard, A. C., Jain, U., Johnson, S. H., & Tannock, R. (2007). Effects of methylphenidate on working memory components: Influence of measurement. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 48(9), 872–880. doi:10.1111/j.1469-7610.2007.01760.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Benjamini, Y., & Hochberg, Y. (1995). Controlling the false discovery rate: A practical and powerful approach to multiple testing. Journal of the Royal Statistical Society, Series B, 57, 289–300.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bental, B., & Tirosh, E. (2008). The effects of methylphenidate on word decoding accuracy in boys with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Journal of Clinical Psychopharmacology, 28(1), 89–92. doi:10.1097/jcp.0b013e3181603f0e
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Berthiaume, K. S., Lorch, E. P., & Milich, R. (2010). Getting clued in: Inferential processing and comprehension monitoring in boys with ADHD. Journal of Attention Disorders, 14(1), 31–42. doi:10.1177/1087054709347197
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Boada, R., Willcutt, E. G., & Pennington, B. F. (2012). Understanding the comorbidity between dyslexia and Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder. Topics in Language Disorders, 32(3), 264–284. doi:10.1097/TLD.0b013e31826203ac
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Clarfield, J., & Stoner, G. (2005). The effects of computerized reading instruction on the academic performance of students identified with ADHD. School Psychology Review, 34(2), 246.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cohen, J. (1992). A power primer. Psychological Bulletin, 112(1), 155–159.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Deault, L., Savage, R., & Abrami, P. (2009). Inattention and response to the ABRACADABRA web-based literacy intervention. Journal of Research on Educational Effectiveness, 2(3), 250–286. doi:10.1080/19345740902979371
   Google Scholar
• Dion, E., Roux, C., Landry, D., Fuchs, D., Wehby, J., & Dupéré, V. (2011). Improving attention and preventing reading difficulties among low-income first-graders: A randomized study. Prevention Science, 12(1), 70–79. doi:10.1007/s11121-010-0182-5
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• DuPaul, G. J., & Weyandt, L. L. (2006). School‐based intervention for children with Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder: Effects on academic, social, and behavioural functioning. International Journal of Disability, Development and Education, 53(2), 161–176. doi:10.1080/10349120600716141
   Google Scholar
• Enders, C. K. (2010). Applied missing data analysis. New York, NY: Guilford Press.
   Google Scholar
• Evans, S. W., Owens, J. S., & Bunford, N. (2014). Evidence-based psychosocial treatments for children and adolescents with Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder. Journal of Clinical Child and Adolescent Psychology, 43(4), 527–551. doi:10.1080/15374416.2013.850700
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fletcher, J. M., Lyon, G. R., Fuchs, L. S., & Barnes, M. A. (2019). Learning disabilities: From identification to intervention (2nd ed.). New York, NY: Guilford.
   Google Scholar
• Flory, K., Milich, R., Lorch, E. P., Hayden, A. N., Strange, C., & Welsh, R. (2006). Online story comprehension among children with ADHD: Which core deficits are involved? Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 34(6), 850–862. doi:10.1007/s10802-006-9070-7
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Follmer, D. J. (2018). Executive function and reading comprehension: A meta-analytic review. Educational Psychologist, 53(1), 42–60. doi:10.1080/00461520.2017.1309295
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Forness, S. R., Cantwell, D. P., Swanson, J. M., Hanna, G. L., & Youpa, D. (1991). Differential effects of stimulant medication on reading performance of boys with hyperactivity with and without conduct disorder. Journal of Learning Disabilities, 24(5), 304–310. doi:10.1177/002221949102400507
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Forness, S. R., Swanson, J. M., Cantwell, D. P., Youpa, D., & Hanna, G. L. (1992). Stimulant medication and reading performance: Follow-up on sustained dose in ADHD boys with and without conduct disorders. Journal of Learning Disabilities, 25(2), 115–123. doi:10.1177/002221949202500205
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ghelani, K., Sidhu, R., Jain, U., & Tannock, R. (2004). Reading comprehension and reading related abilities in adolescents with reading disabilities and Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder. Dyslexia, 10(4), 364–384. doi:10.1002/dys.285
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Goffreda, C. T., & DiPerna, J. C. (2010). An empirical review of psychometric evidence for the Dynamic Indicators of Basic Early Literacy Skills. School Psychology Review, 39, 463–483.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Good, R. H., & Kaminski, R. A. (Eds.). (2002). Dynamic indicators of basic early literacy skills (6th ed.). Eugene, OR: Institute for the Development of Education Achievement. Retrieved from http://dibels.uoregon.edu/
   Google Scholar
• Hiebert, E. H. (2003). Quick reads: A research-based fluency program. Parsippany, NJ: Modern Curriculum Press.
   Google Scholar
• Jacobson, L. A., Ryan, M., Denckla, M. B., Mostofsky, S. H., & Mahone, E. M. (2013). Performance lapses in children with Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder contribute to poor reading fluency. Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology, 28(7), 672–683. doi:10.1093/arclin/act048
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jacobson, L. A., Ryan, M., Martin, R. B., Ewen, J., Mostofsky, S. H., Denckla, M. B., & Mahone, E. M. (2011). Working memory influences processing speed and reading fluency in ADHD. Child Neuropsychology, 17(3), 209–224. doi:10.1080/09297049.2010.532204
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Keulers, E. H., Hendriksen, J. G., Feron, F. J., Wassenberg, R., Wuisman-Frerker, M. G., Jolles, J., & Vles, J. S. (2007). Methylphenidate improves reading performance in children with Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder and comorbid dyslexia: An unblinded clinical trial. European Journal of Paediatric Neurology, 11, 21–28. doi:10.1016/j.ejpn.2006.10.002
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kraemer, H. C. (2000). Pitfalls of multisite randomized clinical trials of efficacy and effectiveness. Schizophrenia Bulletin, 26(3), 533–541. doi:10.1093/oxfordjournals.schbul.a033474
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kraemer, H. C., & Robinson, T. N. (2005). Are certain multicenter randomized clinical trial structures misleading clinical and policy decisions? Contemporary Clinical Trials, 26(5), 518–529. doi:10.1016/j.cct.2005.05.002
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kraemer, H. C., & Thiemann, S. (1987). How many subjects? Statistical power analysis in research. Newbury, Park, CA: Sage.
   Google Scholar
• Lorch, E. P., Diener, M. B., Sanchez, R. P., Milich, R., Welsh, R., & van den Broek, P. (1999). The effects of story structure on the recall of stories in children with Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder. Journal of Educational Psychology, 91(2), 273. doi:10.1037/0022-0663.91.2.273
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lorch, E. P., Eastham, D., Milich, R., Lemberger, C. C., Sanchez, R. P., Welsh, R., & van den Broek, P. (2004). Difficulties in comprehending causal relations among children with ADHD: The role of cognitive engagement. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 113(1), 56–63. doi:10.1037/0021-843X.113.1.56
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Luo, F., & Timler, G. R. (2008). Narrative organization skills in children with Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder and language impairment: Application of the causal network model. Clinical Linguistics & Phonetics, 22(1), 25–46. doi:10.1080/02699200701627430
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mano, Q. R., Jastrowski Mano, K. E., Tamm, L., Denton, C. A., & Esptein, J. N. (2017). Gender moderates association between emotional-behavioral problems and text comprehension in children with both reading difficulties and ADHD. Psychology in the Schools, 54(5), 504–518. doi:10.1002/pits.22011
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Martinussen, R., & Mackenzie, G. (2015). Reading comprehension in adolescents with ADHD: Exploring the poor comprehender profile and individual differences in vocabulary and executive functions. Research in Developmental Disabilities, 38, 329–337. doi:10.1016/j.ridd.2014.12.007
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Miller, A. C., Keenan, J. M., Betjemann, R. S., Willcutt, E. G., Pennington, B. F., & Olson, R. K. (2013). Reading comprehension in children with ADHD: Cognitive underpinnings of the centrality deficit. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 41(3), 473–483. doi:10.1007/s10802-012-9686-8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Montori, V. M., & Guyatt, G. H. (2001). Intention-to-treat principle. CMAJ: Canadian Medical Association Journal, 165(10), 1339–1341.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• MTA Cooperative Group. (1999). A 14-month randomized clinical trial of treatment strategies for Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder: Multimodal treatment study of children with ADHD. Archives of General Psychiatry, 56(12), 1073–1086.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nelson, R. J., Benner, G. J., & Gonzalez, J. (2003). Learner characteristics that influence the treatment effectiveness of early literacy interventions: A meta-analytic review. Learning Disabilities Research & Practice, 18, 255–267. doi:10.1111/ldrp.2003.18.issue-4
   Google Scholar
• Pelham, W. E., & Waschbusch, D. A. (1999). Behavioral intervention in attention/deficit-hyperactivity disorder. In H. C. Quay & A. E. Logan (Eds.), Handbook of disruptive behavior disorders (pp. 255–278). New York, NY: Kluwer Academic. doi:10.1007/978-1-4615-4881-2_11
   Google Scholar
• Pietrzak, R. H., Mollica, C. M., Maruff, P., & Snyder, P. J. (2006). Cognitive effects of immediate-release methylphenidate in children with Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder. Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews, 30(8), 1225–1245. doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2006.10.002
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Purvis, K. L., & Tannock, R. (2000). Phonological processing, not inhibitory control, differentiates ADHD and reading disability. Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 39(4), 485–494. doi:10.1097/00004583-200004000-00018
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rabiner, D. L., & Malone, P. S.; Conduct Problems Prevention Research Group. (2004). The impact of tutoring on early reading achievement for children with and without attention problems. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 32(3), 273–284.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rabiner, D. L., Murray, D. W., Skinner, A. T., & Malone, P. S. (2010). A randomized trial of two promising computer-based interventions for students with attention difficulties. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 38(1), 131–142. doi:10.1007/s10802-009-9353-x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Renz, K., Lorch, E. P., Milich, R., Lemberger, C., Bodner, A., & Welsh, R. (2003). On-line story representation in boys with Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 31(1), 93–104.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Richardson, E., Kupietz, S. S., Winsberg, B. G., Maitinsky, S., & Mendell, N. (1988). Effects of methylphenidate dosage in hyperactive-reading disabled children: II. Reading achievement. Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 27(1), 78–87. doi:10.1097/00004583-198801000-00012
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rucklidge, J. J., & Tannock, R. (2002). Neuropsychological profiles of adolescents with ADHD: Effects of reading difficulties and gender. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 43(8), 988–1003.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Seidman, L. J., Biederman, J., Monuteaux, M. C., Doyle, A. E., & Faraone, S. V. (2001). Learning disabilities and executive dysfunction in boys with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Neuropsychology, 15(4), 544. doi:10.1037/0894-4105.15.4.544
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shaffer, D., Fisher, P., Lucas, C. P., Dulcan, M. K., & Schwab-Stone, M. E. (2000). NIMH Diagnostic Interview Schedule for Children Version IV (NIMH DISC-IV): Description, differences from previous versions, and reliability of some common diagnoses. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 39(1), 28–38. doi:10.1097/00004583-200001000-00014
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shaywitz, B. A., Williams, D. W., Fox, B. K., & Wietecha, L. A. (2014). Reading outcomes of children and adolescents with Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder and dyslexia following atomoxetine treatment. Journal of Child and Adolescent Psychopharmacology, 24(8), 419–425. doi:10.1089/cap.2013.0148
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shaywitz, S., Shaywitz, B., Wietecha, L., Wigal, S., McBurnett, K., Williams, D., … Hooper, S. R. (2017). Effect of atomoxetine treatment on reading and phonological skills in children with dyslexia or Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder and comorbid dyslexia in a randomized, placebo-controlled trial. Journal of Child and Adolescent Psychopharmacology, 27(1), 19–28. doi:10.1089/cap.2015.0189
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sibley, M. H., Kuriyan, A. B., Evans, S. W., Waxmonsky, J. G., & Smith, B. H. (2014). Pharmacological and psychosocial treatments for adolescents with ADHD: An updated systematic review of the literature. Clinical Psychology Review, 34(3), 218–232. doi:10.1016/j.cpr.2014.02.001
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Spear-Swerling, L. (2019). Structured literacy and typical literacy practices: Understanding differences to create instructional opportunities. Teaching Exceptional Children, 51, 201-211. doi:10.1177/0040059917750160
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stern, P., & Shalev, L. (2013). The role of sustained attention and display medium in reading comprehension among adolescents with ADHD and without it. Research in Developmental Disabilities, 34(1), 431–439. doi:10.1016/j.ridd.2012.08.021
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sumner, C. R., Gathercole, S., Greenbaum, M., Rubin, R., Williams, D., Hollandbeck, M., & Wietecha, L. (2009). Atomoxetine for the treatment of Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) in children with ADHD and dyslexia. Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Mental Health, 3, 40. doi:10.1186/1753-2000-3-40
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Swanson, J. M. (1992). School based assessments and interventions for ADHD students. Irvine, CA: KC Publishing.
   Google Scholar
• Tamm, L., Denton, C. A., Epstein, J. N., Schatschneider, C., Taylor, H., Arnold, L. E., … Vaughn, A. (2017). Comparing treatments for children with ADHD and word reading difficulties: A randomized clinical trial. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 85, 434–446. doi:10.1037/ccp0000170
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tamm, L., Epstein, J. N., Denton, C. A., Vaughn, A. J., Peugh, J., & Willcutt, E. G. (2014). Reaction time variability associated with reading skills in poor readers with ADHD. Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society, 20(3), 292–301. doi:10.1017/S1355617713001495
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tamminga, H. G. H., Reneman, L., Huizenga, H. M., & Geurts, H. M. (2016). Effects of methylphenidate on executive functioning in Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder across the lifespan: A meta-regression analysis. Psychological Medicine, 46(9), 1791–1807. doi:10.1017/S0033291716000350
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tannock, R., Frijters, J. C., Martinussen, R., White, E. J., Ickowicz, A., Benson, N. J., & Lovett, M. W. (2018). Combined modality intervention for ADHD with comorbid reading disorders: A proof of concept study. Journal of Learning Disabilities, 51(1), 55–72. doi:10.1177/0022219416678409
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tannock, R., Purvis, K. L., & Schachar, R. J. (1993). Narrative abilities in children with Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder and normal peers. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 21(1), 103–117.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Torgesen, J. K., & Hudson, R. (2006). Reading fluency: Critical issues for struggling readers. In S. J. Samuels & A.E. Farstrup (Eds.), Reading fluency: What research has to say about fluency instruction (pp. 130-158). Newark, DE: International Reading Association.
   Google Scholar
• Torgesen, J. K. (2006). Recent discoveries from research on remedial interventions for children with dyslexia. In M. Snowling & C. Hulme (Eds.), The science of reading: A handbook(pp 521-537). Oxford, England: Blackwell Publishers.
   Google Scholar
• Torgesen, J. K., Alexander, A. W., Wagner, R. K., Rashotte, C. A., Voeller, K. K., & Conway, T. (2001). Intensive remedial instruction for children with severe reading disabilities: Immediate and long-term outcomes from two instructional approaches. Journal of Learning Disabilities, 34(1), 33–58. doi:10.1177/002221940103400104
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Torgesen, J. K., Wagner, R. K., & Rashotte, C. A. (1999). Test of word reading efficiency. Austin, TX: Pro-ed.
   Google Scholar
• Vadasy, P. F., & Sanders, E. (2007). Sound partners plus. Seattle, WA: Washington Research Institute.
   Google Scholar
• U.S. Department of Education, Institute of Education Sciences, What Works Clearinghouse. (2018, March). What Works Clearinghouse: Procedures and standards handbook (version 4.0). Retrieved from https://whatworks.ed.go
   Google Scholar
• Vadasy, P. F., Wayne, S. K., O’Connor, R. E., Jenkins, J. R., Pool, K., Firebaugh, M., & Peyton, J. A. (2005). Sound Partners: A tutoring program in phonics-based early reading. Longmont, CO: Sopris West.
   Google Scholar
• Van Neste, J., Hayden, A., Lorch, E. P., & Milich, R. (2015). Inference generation and story comprehension among children with ADHD. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 43(2), 259–270. doi:10.1007/s10802-014-9899-0
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wagner, R. K., Torgesen, J. K., Rashotte, C. A., & Pearson, N. A. (2010). Test of silent reading efficiency and comprehension. Austin, TX: Pro-Ed.
   Google Scholar
• Walcott, C. M., Marett, K., & Hessel, A. B. (2014). Effectiveness of a computer-assisted intervention for young children with attention and reading problems. Journal of Applied School Psychology, 30(2), 83–106. doi:10.1080/15377903.2013.874389
   Google Scholar
• Wanzek, J., Stevens, E. A., Williams, K. J., Scammacca, N., Vaughn, S., & Sargent, K. (2018). Current evidence on the effects of intensive early reading interventions. Journal Of Learning Disabilities, 51, 612-624. doi:10.1177/0022219418775110
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wanzek, J., Vaughn, S., Scammacca, N.K., Metz, K., Murray, C.S., Roberts, G., & Danielson, L. (2013). Extensive reading interventions for students with reading difficulties after grade 3. Review Of Educational Research, 83, 163-195. doi:10.3102/0034654313477212
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wanzek, J., Wexler, J., Vaughn, S., & Ciullo, S. (2010). Reading interventions for struggling readers in the upper elementary grades: A synthesis of 20 years of research. Reading and Writing, 23, 889-912. doi:10.1007/s11145-009-9179-5
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wechsler, D. (2009). Wechsler individual achievement test (3rd ed.). London, England: The Psychological Corp.
   Google Scholar
• Wei, X., Yu, J. W., & Shaver, D. (2014). Longitudinal effects of ADHD in children with learning disabilities or emotional disturbances. Exceptional Children, 80(2), 205–219.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Willcutt, E. G., Betjemann, R. S., McGrath, L. M., Chhabildas, N. A., Olson, R. K., DeFries, J. C., & Pennington, B. F. (2010). Etiology and neuropsychology of comorbidity between RD and ADHD: The case for multiple-deficit models. Cortex, 46(10), 1345–1361. doi:10.1016/j.cortex.2010.06.009
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Willcutt, E. G., Betjemann, R. S., Pennington, B. F., Olson, R. K., DeFries, J. C., & Wadsworth, S. J. (2007). Longitudinal study of reading disability and Attention‐Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder: Implications for education. Mind, Brain, and Education, 1(4), 181–192. doi:10.1111/(ISSN)1751-228X
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Willcutt, E. G., Doyle, A. E., Nigg, J. T., Faraone, S. V., & Pennington, B. F. (2005). Validity of the executive function theory of Attention‐Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder: A meta-analytic review. Biological Psychiatry, 57(11), 1336–1346. doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2005.02.006
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Williamson, D., Murray, D. W., Damaraju, C. V., Ascher, S., & Starr, H. L. (2014). Methylphenidate in children with ADHD with or without learning disability. Journal of Attention Disorders, 18(2), 95–104. doi:10.1177/1087054712443411
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Woodcock, R. W., McGrew, K. S., & Mather, N. (2001). Woodcock-Johnson III tests of achievement. Itasca: Riverside, IL.
   Google Scholar