2,971
Views
128
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
ARTICLES

Schools as Incubators of Democratic Participation: Building Long-Term Political Efficacy with Civic Education

, , &
Pages 26-37 | Received 29 Aug 2006, Accepted 02 Jul 2007, Published online: 18 Mar 2008

REFERENCES

  • Almond , G. A. , & Verba , S. ( 1963 ). The civic culture . Princeton , NJ : Princeton University Press .
  • American Association for Public Opinion Research . Response rate calculator . Accessed at http://www.aapor.org/rrc.asp.
  • Andolina , M. W. , Jenkins , K. , Zuckin , C. , & Keeter , S. C. ( 2003 ). Habits from home, lessons from school: Influences on youth civic engagement . PS: Political Science and Politics , 36 , 275 – 280 .
  • Arbuckle , J. L. , & Wothke , W. ( 1999 ). Amos 4.0 user's guide . Chicago : Smallwaters Corporation .
  • Atkin , C. K. ( 1972 ). Anticipated communication and mass media information-seeking . Public Opinion Quarterly , 36 , 188 – 199 .
  • Atkin , C. K. , & Gantz , W. ( 1978 ). Television news and political socialization . Public Opinion Quarterly , 42 ( 2 ), 183 – 198 .
  • Austin , E. A. , & Nelson , C. L. ( 1993 ). Influences of ethnicity, family communication, and media on adolescents’ socialization to U.S. politics . Journal of Broadcasting and Electronic Media , 37 , 419 – 435 .
  • Avery , P. G. , Freeman , C. , & Greenwalt , K. ( 2005 ). Deliberating in a democracy (Evaluation Report) . Minneapolis : University of Minnesota .
  • Balch , G. I. ( 1974 ). Multiple indicators in survey research: The concept “sense of political efficacy.” Political Methodology , 1 ( 2 ), 1 – 43 .
  • Bandura , A. ( 1986 ). Social foundations of thought and action: A social cognitive theory . Englewood Cliffs , NJ : Prentice Hall .
  • Bandura , A. ( 1997 ). Self-efficacy: The exercize of control . New York : Freeman .
  • Billig , S. H. ( 2000 ). Research on K-12 school-based service learning: The evidence builds . Phi Delta Kappan , 81 , 658 – 664 .
  • Bucy , E. P. , & Gregson , K. S. ( 2001 ). Media participation: A legitimizing mechanism of mass democracy . New Media and Society , 3 , 357 – 380 .
  • Campbell , D. E. ( 2005 ). Voice in the classroom: How an open classroom environment facilitates adolescents' civic development . CIRCLE Working Papers , 28 .
  • Campbell , A. , Converse , P. E. , Miller , W. E. , & Stokes , D. E. ( 1960 ). The American voter . New York : John Wiley & Sons .
  • Campbell , A. , Gurin , G. , & Miller , W. E. ( 1954 ). The voter decides . Evanston , IL : Row, Peterson .
  • Center for Civic Education . ( 2005 ). Voting and political participation of we the people: The citizen and the constitution alumni in the 2004 election ( Report ).
  • Center for Information and Research on Civic Learning and Engagement (CIRCLE) . ( 2002 ). Short term impacts, long term opportunities: The political and civic engagement of young adults in America (Unpublished Report) . Washington , DC : CIRCLE .
  • Chaffee , S. H. ( 1977 ). Mass communication and political socialization . In R. Renshon (Ed.), Handbook of political socialization (pp. 348 – 371 ). New York : Free Press .
  • Chaffee , S. H. , & Schleuder , J. ( 1986 ). Measurement and effects of attention to media news . Human Communication Research , 13 , 76 – 107 .
  • Chaffee , S. H. , Ward , L. S. , & Tipton , L. P. ( 1970 ). Mass communication and political socialization . Journalism Quarterly , 47 , 647 – 659, 666 .
  • CIRCLE, & Carnegie Corporation of New York . ( 2003 ). The civic mission of schools . New York : CIRCLE .
  • Comber , M. K. ( 2005 ). Civic skills and civic education: An empirical assessment . Unpublished Dissertation, University of Maryland .
  • Converse , P. E. ( 1972 ). Change in the American electorate . In A. Campbell & P. E. Converse (Eds.), The human meaning of social change (pp. 263 – 338 ). New York : Russell Sage Foundation .
  • Craig , S. C. , Niemi , R. G. , & Silver , G. E. ( 1990 ). Political efficacy and trust: A report on the NES pilot study items . Political Behavior , 12 ( 3 ), 289 – 314 .
  • Delli Carpini , M. X. ( 2000 ). Gen.Com: Youth, civic engagement, and the new information environment . Political Communication , 17 , 341 – 349 .
  • Delli Carpini , M. X. , & Keeter , S. ( 1996 ). What Americans know about politics and why it matters . New Haven , CT : Yale University Press .
  • Easton , D. , & Dennis , J. ( 1967 ). The child's acquisition of regime norms: Political efficacy . American Political Science Review , 61 ( 1 ), 25 – 38 .
  • Eveland Jr. , W. P. , McLeod , J. M. , & Horowitz , E. M. ( 1998 ). Communication and age in childhood political socialization: An interactive model of political development . Journalism and Mass Communication Quarterly , 75 ( 4 ), 699 – 719 .
  • Eveland Jr. , W. P. , & Scheufele , D. A. ( 2000 ). Connecting news media use with gaps in knowledge and participation . Political Communication , 17 , 215 – 237 .
  • Feldman , L. , Pasek , J. , Romer , D. , & Jamieson , K. H. ( 2007 ). Identifying best practices in civic education: Lessons from student voices Philadelphia . American Journal of Education , 114 , 75 – 100 .
  • Finkel , S. E. ( 1985 ). Reciprocal effects of participation and political efficacy: A panel analysis . American Journal of Political Science , 29 ( 4 ), 891 – 913 .
  • Finkel , S. E. ( 1987 ). The effects of participation on political efficacy and political support: Evidence from a West German panel . Journal of Politics , 49 ( 2 ), 441 – 464 .
  • Flanagan , C. A. , & Faison , N. ( 2001 ). Youth civic development: Implications of research for social policy and programs . Social Policy Report: Giving Child and Youth Development Knowledge Away , 15 ( 1 ), 1 – 15 .
  • Flanagan , C. A. , & Gallay , L. (October 5, 2001 ). Nurturing democratic character in teens: The potential of it . Paper presented at the Teens and Technology Roundtable .
  • Galston , W. A. ( 2001 ). Political knowledge, political engagement, and civic education . Annual Review of Political Science , 4 ( 1 ), 217 – 234 .
  • Galston , W. A. ( 2004 ). Civic education and political participation . College Park , MD : APSA .
  • Garramone , G. M. , & Atkin , C. K. ( 1986 ). Mass communication and political socialization: Specifying the effects . The Public Opinion Quarterly , 50 ( 1 ), 76 – 86 .
  • Gimbel , J. G. , Lay , J. C. , & Schuknecht , J. E. ( 2003 ). Cultivating democracy: Civic environments and political socialization in America . Washington , DC : Brookings Institution Press .
  • Goel , M. L. ( 1980 ). Conventional political participation . In D. H. Smith , & J. Macauley (Eds.), Participation in social and political activities: A comprehensive analysis of political involvement (pp. 108 – 132 ). San Francisco : Jossey-Bass .
  • Greene , J. P. ( 2000 ). Review of R.G. Niemi and J. Junn, Civic Education . Social Science Quarterly , 81 , 696 – 697 .
  • Hall , J. S. , & Jones , P. M. ( 1998 ). Elections and civic education: the case of kids voting USA . National Civic Review , 87 ( 1 ), 79 – 84 .
  • Hartry , A. , & Porter , K. ( 2004 ). We the people curriculum: Results of the pilot test . Los Angeles : Center for Civic Education (CCE) .
  • Hawkins , R. , Pingree , S. , & Roberts , D. (1975). Watergate and political socialization. American Politics Quarterly , 3, 406–422.
  • Hess , V. K. , & Torney , J. V. ( 1967 ). The development of political attitudes in children . Chicago : Aldine .
  • Hu , L. , & Bentler , P. M. ( 1995 ). Evaluating model fit . In R. H. Hoyle (Ed.), Structural equation modeling: Concepts, issues, and applications (pp. 76 – 99 ). Newbury Park , CA : Sage .
  • Jennings , M. K. , & Niemi , R. G. ( 1981 ). Generations and politics: A panel study of young adults and their parents . Princeton , NJ : Princeton University Press .
  • Jennings , M. K. , & Stoker , L. ( 2004 ). Social trust and civic engagement across time and generations . Acta Politica , 39 , 342 – 379 .
  • Kahne , J. , & Westheimer , J. ( 2006 ). The limits of political efficacy: Educating citizens for a democratic society . PS: Political Science and Politics , 39 ( 2 ), 289 – 296 .
  • Kaplan , D. ( 2000 ). Structural equation modeling . Thousand Oaks , CA : Sage .
  • Kenski , K. , & Jomini , N. ( 2004 , May ). The reciprocal effects of external and internal political efficacy: Results from the 2000 U.S. Presidential Election . Paper presented at the World Association for Public Opinion Research Conference .
  • Kim , J. , Wyatt , R. O. , & Katz , E. ( 1999 ). News, talk, opinion, participation: The part played by conversation in deliberative democracy . Political Communication , 16 , 361 – 385 .
  • Langton , K. P. , & Jennings , M. K. ( 1968 ). Political socialization and the high school civics curriculum in the United States . American Political Science Review , 62 ( 3 ), 852 – 867 .
  • Leming , R. S. ( 1996 ). We the people. The citizen and the Constitution . Calabasas , CA : Center for Civic Education .
  • Lerner , R. M. ( 2004 ). Liberty: Thriving and civic engagement among America's youth . Thousand Oaks , CA : Sage .
  • Levine , P. , & Lopez , M. H. ( 2002 ). Youth voter turnout has declined, by any measure (Fact Sheet). CIRCLE .
  • Lopez , M. H. , Kirby , E. , & Sagoff , J. ( 2005 ). The youth vote 2004 . College Park , MD : CIRCLE, University of Maryland .
  • McDevitt , M. , & Chaffee , S. H. ( 2000 ). Closing gaps in political communication and knowledge: Effects of a school intervention . Communication Research , 27 ( 3 ), 259 – 292 .
  • McDevitt , M. , & Kiousis , S. ( 2004 ). Education for deliberative democracy: The long-term influence of kids voting USA (Circle Working Paper 22) .
  • McLeod , J. M. , Guo , Z. , Daily , K. , Steele , C. A. , Huang , H. , Horowitz , E. et al. ( 1996 ). The impact of traditional and nontraditional media forms in the 1992 presidential election . Journalism and Mass Communication Quarterly , 73 ( 2 ), 401 – 416 .
  • McLeod , J. M. , Scheufele , D. A. , & Moy , P. ( 1999 ). Community, communication, and participation: The role of mass media and interpersonal discussion in local political participation . Political Communication , 16 ( 3 ), 315 – 336 .
  • Melchior, A. ( 1998 ). National evaluation of Learn and Serve America School and community-based programs. Final Report . Waltham , MA : Brandeis University . Available at http://eric.ed.gov/ERICDocs/data/ericdocs2sql/content_storage_01/0000019b/80/16/05/f8.pdf.
  • Merrifield , J. ( 1993 ). The institutional and political factors that influence voter turnout . Public Choice , 77 , 657 – 667 .
  • Morgan , W. , & Streb , M. ( 2001 ). Building citizenship: How student voice in service learning develops civic values . Social Science Quarterly , 82 , 154 – 169 .
  • National Association of the Secretaries of State (NASS) . ( 1999 ). New millennium survey ( Report ).
  • National Commission on Civic Renewal . ( 1998 ). A nation of spectators . Washington , DC : Author .
  • Niemi , R. G. , & Chapman , C. ( 1998 ). The civic development of 9th- through 12th-grade students in the United States: 1996 (Statistical Analysis Report No. NCES 1999-131) . Washington , D.C. : National Center for Education Statistics .
  • Niemi , R. G. , Craig , S. C. , & Mattei , F. ( 1991 ). Measuring internal political efficacy in the 1988 national election study . American Political Science Review , 85 ( 4 ), 1407 – 1413 .
  • Niemi , R. G. , Hepburn , M. A. , & Chapman , C. ( 2000 ). Community service by high school students: A cure for civic ills? Political behavior , 22 ( 1 ), 45 – 69 .
  • Niemi , R. G. , & Junn , J. ( 1998 ). Civic education: What makes students learn . New Haven , CT : Yale University Press .
  • Nisbet , M. C. , & Scheufele , D. A. ( 2004 ). Political talk as a catalyst for online citizenship . Journalism and Mass Communication Quarterly , 81 , 877 – 895 .
  • Pasek , J. , Kenski , K. , Romer , D. , & Jamieson , K. H. ( 2006 ). America's youth and community engagement: How use of mass media is related to political knowledge and civic activity among 14 to 22 year olds . Communication Research , 33 ( 3 ), 115 – 135 .
  • Pinkelton , B. E. , & Austin , E. A. ( 1998 ). Media and participation: Breaking the spiral of disaffection . In T. J. Johnson , C. E. Hays , & S. P. Hays (Eds.), Engaging the public: How government and the media can reinvigorate democracy (pp. 75 – 86 ). Lanham , MD : Rowman & Littlefield .
  • Pinkelton , B. E. , & Austin , E. A. ( 2001 ). Individual motivations, percieved media importance, and political disaffection . Political Communication , 18 , 321 – 334 .
  • Pinkelton , B. E. , & Austin , E. A. ( 2004 ). Media perceptions and public affairs apathy in the politically inexperienced . Mass Communication and Society , 7 , 319 – 337 .
  • Price , V. , & Zaller , J. ( 1993 ). Who gets the news? Alternative measures of news reception and their implications for research . Public Opinion Quarterly , 57 ( 2 ), 133 – 164 .
  • Rosenstone , S. J. , & Hansen , J. M. ( 1993 ). Mobilization, participation, and democracy in America . New York : Macmillan .
  • Shadish , W. R. , Cook , T. D. , & Campbell , D. T. ( 2002 ). Experimental and quasi-experimental designs for generalized causal inference . Boston : Houghton Mifflin .
  • Tan , A. ( 1981 ). Political participation, diffuse support and perceptions of political efficacy as predictors of mass media use . Communication Monographs , 48 , 133 – 145 .
  • Tocqueville , A. D. ( 1838/1969 ). Democracy in America (G. Lawrence, Trans.) . New York : Harper Collins .
  • Torney-Purta , J. ( 1997 ). Links and missing links between education, political knowledge, and citizenship . American Journal of Education , 105 , 446 – 457 .
  • Torney-Purta , J. ( 2002 ). A school's role in developing civic engagement: A study of adolescents in twenty-eight countries . Applied Developmental Science , 6 ( 4 ), 203 – 212 .
  • U.S. Census Bureau . ( 2000 ). Census 2000, summary file 1 (sf1). Retrieved January 30, 2006, from http://factfinder.census.gov/
  • Verba , S. , & Nie , N. H. ( 1972 ). Participation in America: Political democracy and social equality . New York : Harper & Rowe .
  • Verba , S. , Schlozman , K. L. , & Brady , H. ( 1995 ). Voice and equality: Civic volunteerism in American politics . Cambridge , MA : Harvard University Press .
  • Zukin , C. , Keeter , S. , Andolina , M. , Jenkins , K. , & Delli Carpini , M. X. ( 2006 ). A new engagement? Political participation, civic life, and the changing American citizen . New York : Oxford University Press .

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.