Mapping Temporal Dynamics in Social Interactions With Unified Structural Equation Modeling: A Description and Demonstration Revealing Time-Dependent Sex Differences in Play Behavior

REFERENCES

• Bakeman , R. , & Gottman , J. M. ( 1997 ). Observing inter-action: An introduction to sequential analysis , (2nd ed.) . New York : Cambridge University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Bakeman , R. , & Quera , V. ( 2012 ). Behavioral observation . In H. Cooper (Ed.), APA handbook of research methods in psychology: Vol. 1: Foundations, planning, methods, and psychometrics . Washington , D.C. : American Psychological Association .
   Google Scholar
• Beltz , A. M. , Gates , K. M. , Engels , A. S. , Molenaar , P. C. M. , Pulido , C. , Turrisi , R. , … Wilson , S. J. ( 2013 ). Changes in alcohol-related brain networks across the first year of college: A prospective pilot study using fMRI connectivity mapping . Addictive Behaviors , 38 , 2052 – 2059 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bierman , K. L. , Coie , J. D. , Dodge , K. A. , Foster , E. M. , Greenberg , M. T. , Lochman , J. E. , … Pinderhughes , E. E. ( 2004 ). The effects of the fast track program on serious problem outcomes at the end of elementary school . Journal of Clinical Child and Adolescent Psychology , 33 ( 4 ), 650 – 661 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Blakemore , J. E. O. , Berenbaum , S. A. , & Liben , L. S. ( 2009 ). Gender development . New York : Psychology Press/Taylor & Francis .
   Google Scholar
• Borgatti , S. P. , Mehra , A. , Brass , D. J. , & Labianca , G. ( 2009 ). Network analysis in the social sciences . Science , 323 ( 5916 ), 892 – 895 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Borsboom , D. , Cramer , A. O. J. , Schmittmann , V. D. , Epskamp , S. , & Waldorp , L. J. ( 2011 ). The small world of psychopathology . PLoS ONE , 6 ( 11 ), e27407 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Box , G. E. P. , Jenkins , G. M. , & Reinsel , G. C. ( 2008 ). Time series analysis: Forecasting and control , (4th ed.) . Hoboken , NJ : John Wiley & Sons, Inc .
   Google Scholar
• Brown , T. A. ( 2006 ). Confirmatory factor analysis for applied research . New York : Guilford Press .
   Google Scholar
• Buss , K. A. , Davis , E. L. , Kiel , E. J. , Brooker , R. J. , Beekman , C. , & Early , M. C. (in press) . Dysregulated fear predicts social wariness and social anxiety symptoms during kindergarten . Journal of Clinical Child and Adolescent Psychology .
   Google Scholar
• Cohen , J. ( 1988 ). Statistical power analysis for the behavioral sciences , (2nd ed.) . New York : Academic Press .
   Google Scholar
• Coplan , R. J. , & Rubin , K. H. ( 1998 ). Exploring and assessing nonsocial play in the preschool: The development and validation of the preschool play behavior scale . Social Development , 7 ( 1 ), 72 – 91 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Davis , E. L. , & Buss , K. A. ( 2012 ). Moderators of the relation between shyness and behavior with peers: Cortisol dysregulation and maternal emotion socialization . Social Development , 21 ( 4 ), 801 – 820 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Degnan , K. A. , Hane , A. A. , Henderson , H. A. , Moas , O. L. , Reeb-Sutherland , B. C. , & Fox , N. A. ( 2011 ). Longitudinal stability of temperamental exuberance and social-emotional outcomes in early childhood . Developmental Psychology , 47 ( 3 ), 765 – 780 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• DiDonato , M. D. , Martin , C. L. , Hessler , E. E. , Amazeen , P. G. , Hanish , L. D. , & Fabes , R. A. ( 2012 ). Gender consistency and flexibility: Using dynamics to understand the relationship between gender and adjustment . Nonlinear Dynamics, Psychology, and Life Sciences , 16 ( 2 ), 159 – 184 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Dishion , T. J. , & Snyder , J. ( 2004 ). An introduction to the special issue on advances in process and dynamic system analysis of social interaction and the development of antisocial behavior . Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology , 32 ( 6 ), 575 – 578 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dishion , T. J. , & Tipsord , J. M. ( 2011 ). Peer contagion in child and adolescent social and emotional development . In S. T. Fiske , D. L. Schacter & S. E. Taylor (Eds.), Annual Review of Psychology (Vol. 62 , pp. 189 – 214 ).
   Google Scholar
• Fabes , R. A. , Martin , C. L. , & Hanish , L. D. ( 2003 ). Young children's play qualities in same-, other-, and mixed-sex peer groups . Child Development , 74 ( 3 ), 921 – 932 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fabes , R. A. , Shepard , S. A. , Guthrie , I. K. , & Martin , C. L. ( 1997 ). Roles of temperamental arousal and gender-segregated play in young children's social adjustment . Developmental Psychology , 33 ( 4 ), 693 – 702 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Feng , X. , Shaw , D. S. , Kovacs , M. , Lane , T. , O'Rourke , F. E. , & Alarcon , J. H. ( 2008 ). Emotion regulation in preschoolers: The roles of behavioral inhibition, maternal affective behavior, and maternal depression . Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry , 49 ( 2 ), 132 – 141 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ferrer , E. , & Nesselroade , J. R. ( 2003 ). Modeling affective processes in dyadic relations via dynamic factor analysis . Emotion , 3 ( 4 ), 344 – 360 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gates , K. M. , Molenaar , P. C. , Hillary , F. G. , Ram , N. , & Rovine , M. J. ( 2010 ). Automatic search for fMRI connectivity mapping: an alternative to Granger causality testing using formal equivalences among SEM path modeling, VAR, and unified SEM . Neuroimage , 50 ( 3 ), 1118 – 1125 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gates , K. M. , Molenaar , P. C. M. , Hillary , F. G. , & Slobounov , S. ( 2011 ). Extended unified SEM approach for modeling event-related fMRI data . NeuroImage , 54 ( 2 ), 1151 – 1158 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hamaker , E. L. , Dolan , C. V. , & Molenaar , P. C. M. ( 2005 ). Statistical modeling of the individual: Rationale and application of multivariate stationary time series analysis . Multivariate Behavioral Research , 40 ( 2 ), 207 – 233 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Henderson , H. A. , Marshall , P. J. , Fox , N. A. , & Rubin , K. H. ( 2004 ). Psychophysiological and behavioral evidence for varying forms and functions of nonsocial behavior in preschoolers . Child Development , 75 ( 1 ), 251 – 263 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hoffman , L. ( 2007 ). Multilevel models for examining individual differences in within-person variation and covariation over time . Multivariate Behavioral Research , 42 ( 4 ), 609 – 629 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hoffman , L. , & Stawski , R. S. ( 2009 ). Persons as contexts: Evaluating between-person and within-person effects in longitudinal analysis . Research in Human Development , 6 ( 2–3 ), 97 – 120 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Howes , C. ( 1988 ). Peer interaction of young children . Monographs of the Society for Research in Child Development , 53 ( 217 ), 1 – 92 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Hsieh , F. S. , Ferrer , E. , Chen , S. C. , & Chow , S. M. ( 2010 ). Exploring the dynamics of dyadic interactions via hierarchical segmentation . Psychometrika , 75 ( 2 ), 351 – 372 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hu , L. T. , & Bentler , P. M. ( 1999 ). Cutoff criteria for fit indexes in covariance structure analysis: Conventional criteria versus new alternatives . Structural Equation Modeling: A Multidisciplinary Journal , 6 ( 1 ), 1 – 55 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jöreskog , K. G. , & Sörbom , D. ( 1992 ). LISREL : Scientific Software International, Inc .
   Google Scholar
• Kiel , E. J. , & Buss , K. A. (2011). Prospective relations among fearful temperament, protective parenting, and social withdrawal: The role of maternal accuracy in a moderated mediation framework. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology , 39(7), 953–966.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kim , J. , Zhu , W. , Chang , L. , Bentler , P. M. , & Ernst , T. ( 2007 ). Unified structural equation modeling approach for the analysis of multisubject, multivariate functional MRI data . Human Brain Mapping , 28 ( 2 ), 85 – 93 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lewis , M. D. , Lamey , A. V. , & Douglas , L. ( 1999 ). A new dynamic systems method for the analysis of early socioemotional development . Developmental Science , 2 ( 4 ), 457 – 475 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lyubomirsky , S. , King , L. , & Diener , E. ( 2005 ). The benefits of frequent positive affect: Does happiness lead to success? Psychological Bulletin , 131 ( 6 ), 803 – 855 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Maccoby , E. E. , & Jacklin , C. N. ( 1980 ). Sex differences in aggression: A rejoinder and reprise . Child Development , 51 ( 4 ), 964 – 980 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Martin , C. L. , Fabes , R. A. , Hanish , L. D. , & Holleristein , T. ( 2005 ). Social dynamics in the preschool . Developmental Review , 25 ( 3–4 ), 299 – 327 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McLaughlin , K. , & Nolen-Hoeksema , S. ( 2011 ). The role of rumination in promoting and preventing depression in adolescent girls . In T. J. Strauman , P. R. Costanzo , & J. Garber (Eds.), Depression in adolescent girls: Science and prevention (pp. 112 – 129 ). New York : Guilford Press .
   Google Scholar
• Mellenbergh , G. J. , Adér , H. J. , Baird , D. , Berger , M. P. F. , Cornell , J. E. , Hagenaars , J. A. P. , & Molenaar , P. C. M. ( 2003 ). Conceptual issues of research methodology for the behavioural, life and social sciences . Journal of the Royal Statistical Society Series D - The Statistician , 52 , 211 – 218 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Meunier , J. C. , Boyle , M. , O'Connor , T. G. , & Jenkins , J. M. (in press) . Multilevel mediation: Cumulative contextual risk, maternal differential treatment, and children's behavior within families . Child Development .
   Google Scholar
• Molenaar , P. C. M. ( 1985 ). A dynamic factor model for the analysis of multivariate time series . Psychometrika , 50 ( 2 ), 181 – 202 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Molenaar , P. C. M. ( 2004 ). A manifesto on psychology as idiographic science: Bringing the person back into scientific psychology, this time forever . Measurement , 2 ( 4 ), 201 – 218 .
   Google Scholar
• Molenaar , P. C. M. , & Campbell , C. G. ( 2009 ). The new person-specific paradigm in psychology . Current Directions in Psychological Science , 18 ( 2 ), 112 – 117 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Molenaar , P. C. M. , & Nesselroade , J. R. ( 1998 ). A comparison of pseudo-maximum likelihood and asymptotically distribution-free dynamic factor analysis parameter estimation in fitting covariance-structure models to block-Toeplitz matrices representing single-subject multivariate time-series . Multivariate Behavioral Research , 33 ( 3 ), 313 – 342 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pellegrini , A. D. ( 1988 ). Elementary-school children's rough-and-tumble play and social competence . Developmental Psychology , 24 ( 6 ), 802 – 806 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ram , N. , & Grimm , K. ( 2007 ). Using simple and complex growth models change: Matching theory to articulate developmental to method . International Journal of Behavioral Development , 31 ( 4 ), 303 – 316 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rose , A. J. ( 2002 ). Co-rumination in the friendships of girls and boys . Child Development , 73 ( 6 ), 1830 – 1843 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rubin , K. H. , Bukowski , W. , & Parker , J. ( 2006 ). Peer interactions, relationships, and groups . In N. Eisenberg (Ed.), Handbook of child psychology: Vol. 3: Social, emotional, and personality development ( , 6th ed. , pp. 571 – 645 ). New York : Wiley .
   Google Scholar
• Ruble , D. N. , Martin , C. L. , & Berenbaum , S. A. ( 2006 ). Gender development . In N. Eisenberg (Ed.), Handbook of child psychology: Vol. 3: Social, emotional, and personality development. ( , 6th ed. , pp. 858 – 932 ). New York : Wiley .
   Google Scholar
• Sánchez-Martín , J. R. , Fano , E. , Ahedo , L. , Cardas , J. , Brain , P. F. , & Azpíroz , A. ( 2000 ). Relating testosterone levels and free play social behavior in male and female preschool children . Psychoneuroendocrinology , 25 ( 8 ), 773 – 783 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Smith , S. M. , Miller , K. L. , Salimi-Khorshidi , G. , Webster , M. , Beckmann , C. F. , Nichols , T. E. , … Woolrich , M. W. ( 2011 ). Network modelling methods for fMRI . NeuroImage , 54 ( 2 ), 875 – 891 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Snyder , J. , Prichard , J. , Schrepferman , L. , Patrick , M. R. , & Stoolmiller , M. ( 2004 ). Child impulsiveness-inattention, early peer experiences, and the development of early onset conduct problems . Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology , 32 ( 6 ), 579 – 594 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sörbom , D. ( 1989 ). Model modificiation . Psychometrika , 54 ( 3 ), 371 – 384 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sporns , O. ( 2011 ). Networks of the brain . Cambridge , MA : MIT Press .
   Google Scholar
• Tucker , L. R. , & Lewis , C. ( 1973 ). Reliability coefficient for maximum likelihood factor analysis . Psychometrika , 38 ( 1 ), 1 – 10 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zahn-Waxler , C. , Shirtcliff , E. A. , & Marceau , K. ( 2008 ). Disorders of childhood and adolescence: Gender and psychopathology Annual Review of Clinical Psychology (Vol. 4 , pp. 275 – 303 ).
   Google Scholar