Seasonal Trends in Intrapack Aggression of Captive Wolves (Canis lupus) and Wolf-Dog Crosses: Implications for Management in Mixed-Subspecies Exhibits

REFERENCES

• Addams, J., & Miller, A. (2012). Between dog and wolf: Understanding the connection and the confusion. Wenatchee, WA: Dogwise.
   Google Scholar
• Andersen, K. F. (1992). Size, design and interspecific interactions as restrictors of natural behaviour in multi-species exhibits. 3: Interspecific interactions of plains zebra (Equus burchelli) and eland (Taurotragus oryx). Applied Animal Behaviour Science, 34, 273–284.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Armstrong, S., & Marples, N. (2003). Nutrition, foraging behaviour and space use by plains zebra (Equus burchelli) housed in mixed species exhibits. In T. C. Gilbert (Ed.), Proceedings of the Fifth Annual Symposium on Zoo Research (pp. 84–93). London, England: Federation of Zoological Gardens of Great Britain and Ireland.
   Google Scholar
• Buchanan-Smith, H. M. (2012). Mixed-species exhibition of neotropical primates: Analysis of species combination success. International Zoo Yearbook, 46, 150–163.
   Google Scholar
• Busch, R. H. (2007). The wolf almanac, new and revised: A celebration of wolves and their world. Guilford, CT: Lyons.
   Google Scholar
• Cipponeri, T., & Verrell, P. (2003). An uneasy alliance: Unequal distribution of affiliative interactions among members of a captive wolf pack. Canadian Journal of Zoology, 81, 1763–1766.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cusdin, P. A., & Greenwood, A. G. (2000). The keeping of wolf-hybrids in Great Britain (Contract Report No. CR0209). London, England: Royal Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals. Retrieved from http://archive.defra.gov.uk/wildlife-pets/wildlife/protect/documents/dwa-wolfdogs.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Dalton, R., & Buchanan-Smith, H. M. (2005). A mixed-species exhibit of Goeldi's monkeys and pygmy marmosets (Callimico goeldii and Cebuella pygmaea) at Edinburgh Zoo. International Zoo Yearbook, 39, 176–184.
   Google Scholar
• Deleu, R., Veenhuizen, R., & Nelissen, M. (2003). Evaluation of the mixed-species exhibit of African elephants and hamadryas baboons in Safari Beekse Bergen, The Netherlands. Primate Report, 65, 5–20.
   Google Scholar
• Dorman, N., & Bourne, D. C. (2010). Canids and ursids in mixed-species exhibits. International Zoo Yearbook, 44, 75–86.
   Google Scholar
• Fox, M. W. (1972). Behavior of wolves, dogs, and related canids. New York, NY: Harper and Row.
   Google Scholar
• Frank, H., & Frank, M. G. (1982). On the effects of domestication on canine social development and behavior. Applied Animal Ethology, 8, 507–525.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gentry, L., & Margulis, S. W. (2008). Behavioral effects of introducing pied tamarin (Saguinus bicolor) to black howler monkey (Alouatta caraya) and white-faced saki (Pithecia pithecia) in a zoological park. American Journal of Primatology, 70, 505–509.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hardie, S. M. (1997). Exhibiting mixed-species groups of sympatric tamarins Saguinas spp at Belfast Zoo. International Zoo Yearbook, 35, 261–266.
   Google Scholar
• Harvey, J. W., Simpson, C. E., Gaskin, J. M., & Sameck, J. H. (1979). Ehrlichiosis in wolves, dogs, and wolf-dog crosses. Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association, 175, 901–905.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Heidenberger, E., & Unshelm, J. (1990). Changes of behaviour in dogs after castration. Tierarztliche Praxis, 13, 69–75.
   Google Scholar
• Hope, J. (1994). Wolves and wolf hybrids as pets are big business—but a bad idea. Smithsonian, 25, 34–40.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jay, M. T., Reilly, K. F., DeBess, E. E., Haynes, E. H., Bader, D. R., & Barrett, L. R. (1994). Rabies in a vaccinated wolf-dog hybrid. Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association, 205, 1729–1732.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kreeger, T. J. (2007). The internal wolf: Physiology, pathology, and pharmacology. In L. D. Mech & L. Boitani (Eds.), Wolves: Behavior, ecology and conservation (pp. 192–217). Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.
   Google Scholar
• LeBoeuf, B. J. (1970). Copulator and aggressive behavior in the prepubertally castrated dog. Hormones and Behavior, 1, 127–136.
   Google Scholar
• Leonardi, R., Buchanan-Smith, H. M., Dufour, V., MacDonald, C., & Whiten, A. (2010). Living together: Behavior and welfare in single and mixed species groups of capuchin (Cebus apella) and squirrel monkeys (Saimiri sciureus). American Journal of Primatology, 72, 33–47.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Martin, P., & Bateson, P. (1993). Measuring behavior: An introductory guide (2nd ed.). Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press.
   Google Scholar
• McLeod, P. J., Fentress, J. C., & Ryon, J. (1991). Patterns of aggression within a captive timber wolf pack. Aggressive Behavior, 17, 84–95.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mech, L. D., & Boitani, L. (2007). Wolves: Behavior, ecology and conservation. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.
   Google Scholar
• Mendoza, S. P., Lowe, E. L., & Levine, S. (1978). Social organization and social behavior in two subspecies of squirrel monkeys (Saimiri sciureus). Folia Primatologica, 30, 126–144.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Miles, K., & Haynes, J. (2011). What is a wolf? And how do you know? Florida Lupine Association wolf identification pamphlet. Retrieved from http://www.floridalupine.org/publications/PDF/FWC_Pheno_Pamphlet_2011.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Neilson, J. C., Eckstein, R. A., & Hart, B. L. (1997). Effects of castration on problem behaviors in male dogs with reference to age and duration of behavior. Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association, 211, 180–182.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Panov, E. N., & Pavlova, E. Y. (2010). Observations on a hybrid between the whooper swan (Cygnus cygnus) and the mute swan (Cygnus olor). Biology Bulletin, 37, 759–767.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pochon, V. (1998). Mixed-species exhibit for Eastern black-and-white colobus and Patas monkeys Colobus guereza and Erythrocebus patas at CERZA, Lisieux. International Zoo Yearbook, 36, 69–73.
   Google Scholar
• Pullen, K., & Buchan, J. (2001). Interactions and enclosure use within a mixed exhibit of New World monkeys. In S. Wehnelt & C. Hudson (Eds.), Proceedings of the Third Annual Symposium on Zoo Research (pp. 115–123). Upton, England: North of England Zoological Society.
   Google Scholar
• Rabb, G. B., Woolpy, J. H., & Ginsburg, G. E. (1967). Social relationships in a group of captive wolves. American Zoologist, 7, 305–311.
   Google Scholar
• Smith, C. S., Buchanan-Smith, H. M., Surridge, A. K., & Mundy, N. I. (2005). Factors affecting group spread within wild mixed-species troops of saddleback and mustached tamarins. International Journal of Primatology, 26, 337–355.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Thomas, W. D., & Maruska, E. J. (1996). Mixed-species exhibits with mammals. In D. G. Kleiman, M. E. Allen, K. V. Thompson, & S. Lumpkin (Eds.), Wild mammals in captivity: Principles and techniques (pp. 204–211). Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.
   Google Scholar
• Veasey, J. S. (2005). Whose zoo is it anyway? Integrating animal, human and institutional requirements in exhibit design. In A. G. Plowman & S. J. Tonge (Eds.), Innovation or replication? Proceedings of the Sixth International Symposium on Zoo Design (pp. 7–16). Paignton, England: Whitley Wildlife Conservation Trust.
   Google Scholar
• Veasey, J., & Hammer, G. (2010). Managing captive mammals in mixed species communities. In D. G. Kleiman, K. V. Thompson, & C. Kirk Baer (Eds.), Wild mammals in captivity: Principles and techniques (pp. 151–161). Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.
   Google Scholar
• Wayne, R. K., & Vilà, C. (2007). Molecular genetic studies of wolves. In L. D. Mech & L. Boitani (Eds.), Wolves: Behavior, ecology and conservation (pp. 218–238). Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.
   Google Scholar
• Wojciechowski, S. (2004). Introducing a fourth primate species to an established mixed-species exhibit of African monkeys. Zoo Biology, 23, 95–108.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar