Race and ethnicity are not primary determinants in utilizing veterinary services in underserved communities in the United States

References

• Armstrong, K., Ravenell, K. L., McMurphy, S., & Putt, M. (2007). Racial/ethnic differences in physician distrust in the United States. American Journal of Public Health, 97, 1283–1289. doi:10.2105/AJPH.2005.080762
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Baumann, M. R. (n.d.). San Antonio Animal Care Services Project 2007: Summary findings & related policy implications. Retrieved from https://webapps1.sanantonio.gov/rfcadocs/R_2064_20070810092030.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Chu, K., Anderson, W. M., & Rieser, M. Y. (2009). Population characteristics and neuter status of cats living in households in the United States. Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association, 234, 1023–1030. doi:10.2460/javma.234.8.1023
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Corbie-Smith, G. (1999). The continuing legacy of the Tuskegee Syphilis Study: Considerations for clinical investigation. American Journal of Medical Sciences, 317, 5–8. doi:10.1016/S0002-9629(15)40464-1
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Corbie-Smith, G., Thomas, S. B., & St. George, D. M. (2002). Distrust, race, and research. Archives of Internal Medicine, 162, 2458–2463. doi:10.1001/archinte.162.21.2458
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Davis, A. Y. (1982). Women, race, and class. New York, NY: Vintage Books.
   Google Scholar
• Faver, C. A. (2009). Sterilization of companion animals: Exploring the attitudes and behaviors of Latino students in South Texas. Journal of Applied Animal Welfare Science, 12, 314–330. doi:10.1080/10888700903163534
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Feagin, J., & Bennefield, Z. (2014). Systematic racism and U.S. health care. Social Science & Medicine, 103, 7–14. doi:10.1016/j.socscimed.2013.09.006
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Frank, J. M., & Carlisle-Frank, P. L. (2007). Analysis of programs to reduce overpopulation of companion animals: Do adoption and low-cost spay/neuter programs merely cause substitution of sources? Ecological Economics, 62, 740–746. doi:10.1016/j.ecolecon.2006.09.011
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gallegos, J. (1982). The ethnic competence model for social work education. In B. W. White (Ed.), Color in a White society (pp. 1–9). Silver Springs, MD: National Association of Social Workers.
   Google Scholar
• Hosey, G., & Melfi, V. (2014). Human–animal interactions, relationships and bonds: A review and analysis of the literature. International Journal of Comparative Psychology, 27, 117–142.
   Google Scholar
• The Humane Society of the United States. (2014). Pets for Life: An in-depth community understanding. Retrieved from http://www.humanesociety.org/assets/pdfs/pets/pets-for-life/pfl-report-0214.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Kiefer, V., Grogan, K. B., Chatfield, J., Glaesemann, J., Hill, W., Hollowell, B., … Urday, K. (2013). Cultural competence in veterinary practice. Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association, 243, 326–328. doi:10.2460/javma.243.3.326
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Landau, R. E., Beck, A. M., Glickman, L. T., Litster, A., Olynk Widmar, N. J., & Moore, G. E. (2016). Use of veterinary services by Latino dog and cat owners with various degrees of English-language proficiency. Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association, 248, 681–689. doi:10.2460/javma.248.6.681
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lichter, D. T. (2013). Integration or fragmentation? Racial diversity and the American future. Demography, 50, 359–391. doi:10.1007/s13524-013-0197-1
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lichter, D. T., Parisi, D., & Taquino, M. C. (2012). The geography of exclusion: Race, segregation, and concentrated poverty. Social Problems, 59, 364–388. doi:10.1525/sp.2012.59.3.364
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McKenzie, K., & Bhui, K. (2007). Institutional racism in mental health care. British Medical Journal, 334, 649–650. doi:10.1136/bmj.39163.395972.80
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Miller, J., & Garran, A. M. (2008). Racism in the United States: Implications for the helping professions. Belmont, CA: Brooks/Cole, Cengage Learning.
   Google Scholar
• National Association of Social Workers. (n.d.). Diversity and cultural competence. Retrieved from https://www.socialworkers.org/pressroom/features/issue/diversity.asp
   Google Scholar
• Ortega-Pacheco, A., Rodriguez-Buenfil, J. C., Bolio-Gonzalez, M. E., Sauri-Arceo, C. H., Jiménez-Coello, M., & Forsberg, C. L. (2007). A survey of dog populations in urban and rural areas of Yucatan, Mexico. Anthrozoös, 20, 261–274. doi:10.2752/089279307X224809
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Poss, J. E., & Bader, J. O. (2007). Attitudes toward companion animals among Hispanic residents of a Texas border community. Journal of Applied Animal Welfare Science, 10, 243–253. doi:10.1080/10888700701353717
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Poss, J. E., & Bader, J. O. (2008). Results of a free spay/neuter program in a Hispanic colonia on the Texas–Mexico border. Journal of Applied Animal Welfare Science, 11, 346–351. doi:10.1080/10888700802330010
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Reardon, S. F., & Bischoff, K. (2011). Income inequality and income segregation. American Journal of Sociology, 116, 1092–1153. doi:10.1086/657114
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Risley-Curtiss, C., Holley, L. C., & Wolf, S. (2006). The animal–human bond and ethnic diversity. Social Work, 51, 257–268. doi:10.1093/sw/51.3.257
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ross, L. J., Brownlee, S. L., Diallo, D. D., Rodriguez, L., & Roundtable, L. (2001). The ‘Sistersong Collective’: Women of color, reproductive health and human rights. American Journal of Health Studies, 17, 79–81.
   Google Scholar
• Schoenfeld-Tacher, R., Kogan, L. R., & Wright, M. L. (2010). Comparison of strength of the human–animal bond between Hispanic and Non-Hispanic owners of pet dogs and cats. Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association, 236, 529–534. doi:10.2460/javma.236.5.529
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schur, C., Bernstein, A. B., & Berk, M. L. (1987). The importance of distinguishing Hispanic subpopulations in the use of medical care. Medical Care, 25, 627–641. doi:10.1097/00005650-198707000-00006
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Syed, S. T., Gerber, B. S., & Sharp, L. K. (2013). Traveling towards disease: Transportation barriers to health care access. Journal of Community Health, 38, 976–993. doi:10.1007/s10900-013-9681-1
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Trevejo, R., Yang, M., & Lund, E. M. (2011). Epidemiology of surgical castration of dogs and cats in the United States. Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association, 238, 898–904. doi:10.2460/javma.238.7.898
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• U.S. Census Bureau. (2016, September). Regions and divisions. Retrieved from https://www.census.gov/geo/reference/gtc/gtc_census_divreg.html
   Google Scholar
• Williams, D. R., & Collins, C. (2001). Racial residential segregation: A fundamental cause of racial disparities in health. Public Health Reports, 116, 404–416. doi:10.1016/S0033-3549(04)50068-7
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Williams, D. R., & Mohammed, S. A. (2013). Racism and health: Pathways and scientific evidence. American Behavioral Scientist, 57, 1152–1173. doi:10.1177/0002764213487340
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wolf, C. A., Lloyd, J. W., & Black, R. (2008). An examination of US consumer pet-related and veterinary service expenditures, 1980–2005. Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association, 233, 404–413. doi:10.2460/javma.233.3.404
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar