References
- Altmann, J. (1974). Observational study of behavior: Sampling methods. Behaviour, 49(3), 227–266.
- Barron, D. G., Brawn, J. D., & Weatherhead, P. J. (2010). Meta-analysis of transmitter effects on avian behaviour and ecology. Methods in Ecology and Evolution, 1, 180–187.
- Bliss, C. D., Aquino, S., & Woodhouse, S. (2015). Ocular findings and reference values for selected ophthalmic diagnostic tests in the macaroni penguin (Eudyptes chrysolophus) and southern rockhopper penguin (Eudyptes chrysocome). Veterinary Ophthalmology, 18, 86–93.
- Brooks, D. E. (1997). Avian cataracts. Seminars in Avian and Exotic Pet Medicine, 6(3), 131–137.
- Carter, R. T., Murphy, C. J., Stuhr, C. M., & Diehl, K. A. (2007). Bilateral phacoemulsification and intraocular lens implantation in a great horned owl. Javma-Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association, 230(4), 559–561.
- Chiaradia, A., McBride, J., Murray, T., & Dann, P. (2007). Effect of fog on the arrival time of little penguins Eudyptula minor: A clue for visual orientation? Journal of Ornithology, 148(2), 229–233.
- Church, M. L., Priehs, D. R., Denis, H., Croft, L., DiRocco, S., & Davis, M. (2018). Technique, postoperative complications, and visual outcomes of phacoemulsification cataract surgery in 21 penguins (27 eyes): 2011-2015. Veterinary Ophthalmology, 1-10.
- Colitz, C. M., Lewbart, G., & Davidson, M. G. (2002). Phacoemulsification in an adult Savannah monitor lizard. Veterinary Ophthalmology, 5(3), 207–209.
- Daniel, T. A., Chiaradia, A., Logan, M., Quinn, G. P., & Reina, R. D. (2007). Synchronized group association in little penguins. Eudyptula Minor. Animal Behaviour, 74, 1241–1248.
- Dow, S., Sherwin, J., Gray, A., & Redrobe, S. (2003). Behavioural effects of cataract removal surgery in a gorilla. In T. C. Gilbert (Ed.), Proceedings of the fifth annual symposium on zoo research (pp. 257–261). London, UK: Federation of Zoological Gardens of Great Britain and Ireland
- Esson, D. W., Nollens, H. H., Schmitt, T. L., Fritz, K. J., Simeone, C. A., & Stewart, B. S. (2015). Aphakic phacoemulsification and automated anterior vitrectomy, and postreturn monitoring of a rehabilitated harbor seal (Phoca vitulina richardsi) pup. Journal of Zoo and Wildlife Medicine, 46(3), 647–651.
- Fischer, M., Gray, C., Keele, M., Ray, J., & Long, S. (2014). Descriptive survival statistics report for macaroni penguins (Eudyptes chrysolophus) and southern rockhopper penguins (Eudyptes chrysocome). Chicago, Illinois: Lincoln Park Zoo.
- Foerder, P., Chodorow, M., & Moore, D. E. (2013). Behavioural synchrony in two species of communally housed captive penguins. Behaviour, 150(12), 1357–1374.
- Föllmi, J., Steiger, A., Walzer, C., Robert, N., Geissbühler, U., Doherr, M. G., & Wenker, C. (2007). A scoring system to evaluate physical condition and quality of life in geriatric zoo mammals. Animal Welfare, 16(3), 309–318.
- Fuller, G. Heintz, M. R., & Allard, S. (in review). Validation and welfare assessment of flipper-mounted time-depth recorders for monitoring penguins in zoos and aquariums. Applied Animal Behaviour Science.
- Jessup, D. A., & Scott, C. A. (2011). Hospice in a zoologic medicine setting. Journal of Zoo and Wildlife Medicine, 42(2), 197–204.
- Kagan, R., Carter, S., & Allard, S. (2015). A universal animal welfare framework for zoos. Journal of Applied Animal Welfare Science, 18(sup1), S1–S10.
- Kenny, E., Birkhead, T. R., & Green, J. P. (2017). Allopreening in birds is associated with parental cooperation over offspring care and stable pair bonds across years. Behavioral Ecology, 28(4), 1142–1148.
- Kern, T., Murphy, C., & Riis, R. (1984). Lens extraction by phacoemulsification in two raptors. Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association, 185(11), 1403–1406.
- Keymer, I. F. (1977). Cataracts in birds. Avian Pathology, 6(4), 335–341.
- Kuhar, C. W. (2006). In the deep end: Pooling data and other statistical challenges of zoo and aquarium research. Zoo Biology, 25(4), 339–352.
- Kurtycz, L. M., Wagner, K. E., & Ross, S. R. (2014). The choice to access outdoor areas affects the behavior of great apes. Journal of Applied Animal Welfare Science, 17(3), 185–197.
- Landsberg, G., & Araujo, J. A. (2005). Behavior problems in geriatric pets. Veterinary Clinics: Small Animal Practice, 35(3), 675–698.
- Ledbetter, E. C., de Matos, R., Riedel, R. M., & Southard, T. L. (2017). Phacoemulsification of bilateral mature cataracts in a Texas rat snake (Elaphe obsoleta lindheimeri). Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association, 251(11), 1318–1323.
- Leiva, M., Peña, T., Bayón, A., León, M., & Morales, I. (2012). Phacoemulsification considerations in nonhuman primates. Journal of Medical Primatology, 41(5), 317–324.
- Maia, C. M., Volpato, G. L., & Santos, E. F. (2012). A case study: The effect of visitors on two captive pumas with respect to the time of the day. Journal of Applied Animal Welfare Science, 15(3), 222–235.
- Marshall, A. R., Deere, N. J., Little, H. A., Snipp, R., Goulder, J., & Mayer-Clarke, S. (2016). Husbandry and enclosure influences on penguin behavior and conservation breeding. Zoo Biology, 35(5), 385–397.
- Mason, G. J., & Veasey, J. S. (2010). What do population-level welfare indices suggest about the well-being of zoo elephants? Zoo Biology, 29(2), 256–273.
- McMillan, F. D. (2007). Predicting quality of life outcomes as a guide for decision-making: The challenge of hitting a moving target. Animal Welfare, 16(1), 135–142.
- Melfi, V. A. (2009). There are big gaps in our knowledge, and thus approach, to zoo animal welfare: A case for evidence-based zoo animal management. Zoo Biology, 28(6), 574–588.
- Montiani‐Ferreira, F., Lima, L., Bacellar, M., D’Otaviano Vilani, R. G., Fedullo, J. D., & Lange, R. R. (2010). Case report: Bilateral phacoemulsification in an orangutan (Pongo pygmaeus). Veterinary Ophthalmology, 13(s1), 91–99.
- Nesterova, A. P., Bohec, C., Beaune, D., Pettex, E., Maho, Y., & Bonadonna, F. (2010). Do penguins dare to walk at night? Visual cues influence king penguin colony arrivals and departures. Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology, 64(7), 1145–1156.
- Nolan, P. M., Dobson, F. S., Nicolaus, M., Karels, T. J., McGraw, K. J., & Jouventin, P. (2010). Mutual mate choice for colorful traits in king penguins. Ethology, 116(7), 635–644.
- Piper, W. H. (2011). Making habitat selection more “familiar”: A review. Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology, 65(7), 1329–1351.
- Rainwater, K. L., Sykes, J. M., & Sapienza, J. S. (2015). Retrospective investigation of cataract management in avian species in a zoologic collection. Journal of Zoo and Wildlife Medicine, 46(4), 858–869.
- Reavill, D. R., & Dorrestein, G. M. (2010). Pathology of aging psittacines. Veterinary Clinics of North America: Exotic Animal Practice, 13(1), 135–150.
- Ross, M. R., Gillespie, K. L., Hopper, L. M., Bloomsmith, M. A., & Maple, T. L. (2013). Differential preference for ultraviolet light among captive birds from three ecological habitats. Applied Animal Behaviour Science, 147(3–4), 278–285.
- Ross, M. R., Niemann, T., Wark, J. D., Heintz, M. R., Horrigan, A., Cronin, K. A., & Gillespie, K. (2016). ZooMonitor [Mobile application software]. Available from https://zoomonitor.org.
- Sellinger, R. L., & Ha, J. C. (2005). The effects of visitor density and intensity on the behavior of two captive jaguars (Panthera onca). Journal of Applied Animal Welfare Science, 8(4), 233–244.
- Stringfield, C. E. (2013). Management of geriatric animals. In M. D. Irwin, J. B. Stoner, & A. M. Cobaugh (Eds.), Zookeeping: An introduction to the science and technology. Chicago: The University of Chicago Press.
- Voutilainen, A., Figueiredo, K., & Huuskonen, H. (2008). Effects of the eye fluke Diplostomum spathaceum on the energetics and feeding of Arctic charr Salvelinus alpinus. Journal of Fish Biology, 73(9), 2228–2237.
- Warwick, A., Redrobe, S., Lotery, A., & Watts, J. (2017). Bilateral cataract surgery with intraocular lens implant in a captive western lowland gorilla. Journal of Medical Primatology, 46(5), 252–255.
- Williams, T. D., & Rodwell, S. (1992). Annual variation in return rate, mate and nest-site fidelity in breeding gentoo and macaroni penguins. The Condor, 94(3), 636–645.
- Williams, T. D., & Rothery, P. (1990). Factors affecting variation in foraging and activity patterns of gentoo penguins (Pygoscelis papua) during the breeding season at Bird Island, South Georgia. Journal of Applied Ecology, 27(3), 1042–1054.
- Wilson, R. P., Wilson, M. P. T., & McQuaid, L. (1986). Group-size in foraging African penguins (Spheniscus demersus). Ethology, 72(4), 338–341.
- Woodhouse, S. J., Peterson, E. L., & Schmitt, T. (2016). Evaluation of potential risk factors associated with cataract in captive macaroni (Eudyptes chrysolophus) and rockhopper penguins (Eudyptes chrysocome). Journal of Zoo and Wildlife Medicine, 47(3), 806–819.