Monitoring Blinks And Eyelid Twitches In Horses To Assess Stress During The Samples Collection Process

References

• Argilés, M., Cardona, G., Pérez-Cabré, E., & Rodríguez, M. (2015). Blink rate and incomplete blinks in six different controlled hard-copy and electronic reading conditions. Investigative Ophthalmology & Visual Science, 56(11), 6679–6685.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Balcombe, J. P., Barnard, N. D., & Sandusky, C. (2004). Laboratory routines cause animal stress. Contemporary Topics in Laboratory Animal Science, 43(6), 42–51.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Banse, H. E., Getachew, F., Levy, M., & Smits, J. (2020). Influence of season and pituitary pars intermedia dysfunction on hair cortisol concentration in horses. Domestic Animal Endocrinology, 72, 106375.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bennett, V., Gourkow, N., & Mills, D. S. (2017). Facial correlates of emotional behaviour in the domestic cat (Feliscatus). Behavioral Processes, 141(3), 342–350.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Best, L. J., Alexiades, V., Hendrix, D. V. H., Chen, T., & Ward, D. A. (2018). Blink patterns and kinematics of eyelid motion in ophthalmologically normal horses. American Journal of Veterinary Research, 79(6), 650–657.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Blount, W. P. (1927). Studies of the movements of the eyelids of animals: Blinking. Quarterly Journal of Experimental Physiology, 18(2), 111–125.
   Google Scholar
• Carrington, D., Bedford, P. G. C., & Guillon, J. P. W. (1987). Polarized light biomicroscopic observations on the pre-corneal tear film I. The normal tear film of the dog. Journal of Small Animal Practice, 28(7), 605–622.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cayado, P., Muñoz‐Escassi, B., Dominguez, C., Manley, W., Olabarri, B., De La Muela, M. S., … Vara, E. (2006). Hormone response to training and competition in athletic horses. Equine Veterinary Journal, 38(S36), 274–278.
   Google Scholar
• Cherry, R. L., Adair, H. S., Chen, T., Hendrix, D. V. H., & Ward, D. A. (2020). Effect of attentional focus levels on spontaneous eye blink rate in horses. Veterinary Ophthalmology, 23(4), 690–695.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Coelho, C. S., Adam, G. I., Silva, G. A. O., Carballo, R. S., Souza, V. R. C., & Fazio, F. (2019). Heart rate monitoring in mangalarga marchador horses during a field marcha test. Journal of Equine Veterinary Science, 79, 50–53.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Contreras-Aguilar, M. D., Cerón, J. J., Muñoz, A., & Ayala, I. (2021). Changes in saliva biomarkers during a standardized increasing intensity field exercise test in endurance horses. Animals, 15(6). doi:10.1016/j.animal.2021.100236
   Google Scholar
• Cruz, A. A. V., Garcia, D. M., Pinto, C. T., & Cechetti, S. P. (2011). Spontaneous eye blink activity. The Ocular Surface, 9(1), 29–41.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Desai, R. I., Neumeyer, J. L., Bergman, J., & Paronis, C. A. (2007). Pharmacological characterization of the effects of dopamine D1 agonists on eye blinking in rats. Behavioural Pharmacology, 18(8), 745–754.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dhabhar, F. S. (2009). Enhancing versus suppressive effects of stress on immune function: Implications for immunoprotection and immunopathology. Neuroimmunomodulation, 16(5), 300–317.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Elsworth, D., Lawrence, M. S., Roth, R. H., Taylor, J. R., Mailman, R. B., Nichols, D. E., … Redmond, D. E. (1991). D1 and D2 dopamine receptors independently regulate spontaneous blink rate in the vervet monkey. Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, 259, 595–600.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Espinosa, J., Pérez, J., & Mas, D. (2020). Comparative analysis of spontaneous blinking and the corneal reflex. Royal Society Open Science, 7(12), 201016.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Evinger, C., Shaw, M. D., Peck, C. K., Manning, K. A., & Baker, R. (1984). Blinking and associated eye movements in humans, Guinea pigs, and rabbits. Journal of Neurophysiology, 52(2), 323–339.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gatti, R., & De Palo, E. F. (2011). An update: Salivary hormones and physical exercise. Scandinavian Journal of Medicine & Science in Sports, 21(2), 157–169.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Haberich, J., & Fischer, M. H. (1956). Beobachtunguber den Lidschlag des Rindes (nebst Bemerkungen über Perioden des Wiederkauens und den Lidschlag des Pferdes). Zeitschrift für vergleichende Physiologie, 39(2), 209–225.
   Google Scholar
• Hanák, J., & Olehla, Č. (2010). Clinical physiology of horses and their training. [online in Czech]. [cit. 2019-03-28]. Available on the Internet <cit.vfu.cz&gt
   Google Scholar
• Hintze, S., Smith, S., Patt, A., Bachmann, I., Würbel, H., & Browning, G. F. (2016). Are eyes a mirror of the soul? What eye wrinkles reveal about a horse’s emotional state. PLoS ONE, 11(10), e0164017.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hughes, T., Creighton, E., & Coleman, R. (2010). Salivary and fecal cortisol as measures of stress in horses. Journal of Veterinary Behavior, 5(1), 59–60.
   Google Scholar
• Humphrey, T., Proops, L., Forman, J., Spooner, R., & McComb, K. (2020). The role of cat eye narrowing movements in cat–human communication. Scientific Reports, 10(11). doi:10.1038/s41598-020-73426-0
   Google Scholar
• Ille, N., Aurich, C., & Aurich, J. (2016). Physiological stress responses of mares to gynecologic examination in veterinary medicine. Journal of Equine Veterinary Science, 43(6), 111.
   Google Scholar
• Ison, R., & Lonard, D. W. (1971). Effect of auditory stimuli on the amplitude of the nictitating membrane reflex of the rabbit (Oryctolaguscuniculus). Journal of Comparative and Physiological Psychology, 75(1), 157–164.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jarillo-Luna, A., Rivera-Aguilar, V., Garfias, H. R., Lara-Padilla, E., Kormanovsky, A., & Campos-Rodríguez, R. (2007). Effect of repeated restraint stress on the levels of intestinal IgA in mice. Psychoneuroendocrinology, 32(6), 681–692.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jie, Y., Sella, R., Feng, J., Gomez, M. L., & Afshari, N. A. (2019). Evaluation of incomplete blinking as a measurement of dry eye disease. The Ocular Surface, 17(3), 3.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kirsten, J., & Kirsten, E. B. (1983). Spontaneous blink rates of birds. Condor, 85(1), 92–93.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ko, J. J., Lee, Y. W., Seo, J. P., & Lee, K. K. (2019). Effects of exercise on hematological and serum biochemical parameters in riding ponies. Korean Journal of Veterinary Research, 60(1), 33–37.
   Google Scholar
• König Von Borstel, U., Visser, E. K., & Hall, C. (2017). Indicators of stress in equitation. Applied Animal Behaviour Science, 190, 43–56.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Koo Lin, L. (2013). Eyelid anatomy and function. Ocular surface disease: Cornea, conjunctiva and tear film (pp. 11–15). Cambridge, UK: Elsevier.
   Google Scholar
• Malinowski, K. (2004). Stress management for equine athletes. [online]. Carrey Williams, [cit.2018-10-28]. Available on the Internet: <https://esc.rutgers.edu/fact_sheet/stress-management-for-equine-athletes/>.
   Google Scholar
• Merkies, K., Ready, C., Farkas, L., & Hodder, A. (2019). Eye blink rates and eyelid twitches as a non-invasive measure of stress in the domestic horse. Animals, 9(8), 562.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Miller, G. E., Chen, E., & Zhou, E. S. (2007). If it goes up, must it come down? Chronic stress and the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenocortical axis in humans. Psychological Bulletin, 133(1), 25–45.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Morrow, C. J., Kolver, E. S., Verkerk, G. A., & Matthews, L. R. (2002). Fecal glucocorticoid metabolites as a measure of adrenal activity in dairy cattle. General and Comparative Endocrinology, 126(2), 229–241.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mott, R. O., Hawthorne, S. J., & McBride, S. D. (2020). Blink rate as a measure of stress and attention in the domestic horse (Equus caballus). Scientific Reports, 10(1), 21409.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mott, R., Hawthorne, S., & McBride, S. (2018). Spontaneous blink rate as a measure of equine stress. In Proceedings of the 14th Conference of the International Society for Equitation Science, Rome, Italy.
   Google Scholar
• Muneta, Y., Yoshikawa, T., Minagawa, Y., Shibahara, T., Maeda, R., & Omata, Y. (2010). Salivary IgA as a useful non-invasive marker for restraint stress in pigs. The Journal of Veterinary Medical Science, 72(10), 1295–1300.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nakajima, S., Takamatsu, Y., Fukuoka, T., & Omori, Y. (2011). Spontaneous blink rates of domestic dogs: A preliminary report. Journal of Veterinary Behavior, 6(1), 95.
   Google Scholar
• Palme, R., Fischer, P., Schildorfer, H., & Ismail, M. N. (1996). Excretion of infused 14C-steroid hormones via faeces and urine in domestic livestock. Animal Reproduction Science, 43(1), 43–63.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Palme, R. (2012). Monitoring stress hormone metabolites as a useful, non-invasive tool for welfare assessment in farm animals. Animal Welfare, 21(3), 331–337.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Peckham, A. D., & Johnson, S. L. (2016). Spontaneous eye-blink rate as an index of reward responsivity: Validation and links to bipolar disorder. Clinical Psychological Science, 4(3), 451–463.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Perez, J., Espinosa, J., Domenech, B., Mas, D., & Illueca, C. (2011). Blinking kinematics description through non-invasive measurement. Journal of Modern Optics, 58(19–20), 1857–1863.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rashid, M., Silventoinen, A., Gleerup, K. B., Andersen, P. H., & Munderloh, U. G. (2020). Equine facial action coding system for determination of pain-related facial responses in videos of horses. PLoS ONE, 15(11), e0231608.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Reyna-Garfias, H., Miliar, A., Jarillo-Luna, A., Rivera-Aguilar, V., Pacheco-Yepez, J., Baeza, I., & Campos-Rodríguez, R. (2010). Repeated restraint stress increases IgA concentration in rat small intestine. Brain, Behavior and Immunity, 24(1), 110–118.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Säkkinen, H., Tornbeg, J., Goddard, P. J., Eloranta, E., Ropstad, E., & Saarela, S. (2004). The effect of blood sampling method on indicators of physiological stress in reindeer (Rangifer tarandustarandus). Domestic Animal Endocrinology, 26(2), 87–98.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sanchis-Jurado, V., Talens-Estarelles, C., Esteve-Taboada, J. J., Pons, A. M., & Garcia-Lazaro, S. (2020). Non-invasive high-speed blinking kinematics characterization. Graefe’s Archive for Clinical and Experimental Ophthalmology, 258(12), 2701–2714.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schmidt, A., Aurich, J., Möstl, E., Müller, J., & Aurich, C. (2010). Changes in cortisol release and heart rate and heart rate variability during the initial training of 3-year-old sport horses. Hormones and Behavior, 58(4), 628–636.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sheriff, M. J., Dantzer, B., Delehanty, B., Palme, R., & Boonstra, R. (2011). Measuring stress in wildlife: Techniques for quantifying glucocorticoids. Oecologia, 166(4), 869–887.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Squibb, K., Griffin, K., Favier, R., & Ijichi, C. (2018). Poker face: Discrepancies in behaviour and affectivestates in horses during stressful handling procedures. Applied Animal Behaviour Science, 202, 34–38.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stefanski, V., & Engler, H. (1998). Effects of acute and chronic social stress on blood cellular immunity in rats. Physiology & Behavior, 64(5), 733–741.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stevens, R., & Livermore, A. (1978). Eye blinking and rapid eye movement: Pulsed photic stimulation of the brain. Experimental Neurology, 60(3), 541–556.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Svobodová, I., Chaloupková, H., Končel, R., Bartoš, L., Hradecká, L., & Jebavý, L. (2014). Cortisol and secretory immunoglobulin A response to stress in German shepherd dogs. PloS ONE, 9. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0090820
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tada, H., Omori, Y., Hirokawa, K., Ohira, H., Tomonaga, M., & Sueur, C. (2013). Eye-blink behaviors in 71 species of primates. PLoS ONE, 8(5), e66018.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Valera, M., Bartolomé, E., Sánchez, M. J., Molina, A., Cook, N., & Schaefer, A. (2012). Changes in eye temperature and stress assessment in horses during show jumping competitions. Journal of Equine Veterinary Science, 32(12), 827–830.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wathan, J., Burrows, A. M., Waller, B. M., & McComb, K. (2015). EquiFACS: The equine facial action coding system. PLoS ONE, 10(8). doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0131738
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Young, T. H., Creighton, E., & Coleman, R. (2010). Salivary and fecal cortisol as measures of stress in horses. Journal of Veterinary Behavior, 5(1), 59–60.
   Google Scholar