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- Ideas and observations for this paper were obtained during the High Arctic Symposium and Field Meeting on Ellesmere Island organized and led by Dr. Antoni Lewkowicz. (I cannot thank Toni enough for helping fund my participation and for all the work and effort he put into this meeting.) Dr. Lewkowicz also kindly gave the author permission to quote some of his data on Ellesmere climate and permafrost and to submit this paper. Some funding for the author's participation came from NSERC Research Grant #169996 and from the University of Northern British Columbia—both of whom are thanked. Dr. Colin Thorn and an anonymous reviewer greatly helped in improving this paper and I am most grateful for their suggestions and advice.