References
- Hazinski MF, Cummins RO, Field JIM (eds).Basic life support for health care providers. In: Handbook of Emergency Cardiovas-cular Care for Healthcare Providers. Dallas TX: American Heart Association, 2002, pp 1–2, 96.
- American College of Surgeons (eds). ATLS, Advanced Trauma Life Support for Doctors, Student Manual. Chicago IL: American College of Surgeons, 1997, pp 12, 97.
- Rosetti V, Thompson BM, Aprahamian C, Darin JC, Mateer JR. Difficulty and delay in intravascular access in pediatric arrests [abstract]. Ann Emerg Med. 1984;13:406.
- Neal CJ, McKinley DF. Intraosseous infusion in pediatric patients. J Am Osteopath Assoc. 1994;94(1):63–6.
- Glaeser PW, Losek JD, Nelson DB, et al. Pediatric intraosseous infusions: impact on vascular access time. Am J Emerg Med. 1988;6:330–2.
- Kanter RK, Zimmerman JJ, Strauss RH, Stoeckel KA. Pediatric emergency intravenous access: evaluation of a protocol. Am J Dis Child. 1986;140:132–4.
- Brunette DD, Fischer R. Intravenous access in pediatric cardiac arrest. Am J Emerg Med. 1988;6:577–9.
- Drinker CK, Drinker KR, Lund CC. The circulation of the mam-malian bone marrow. Am J Physiol. 1922;62:1–92.
- Henning N. Intrasternal injections and transfusions [abstract]. JAMA. 1945;128:240.
- Tocantins L, O'Neill J. Infusions of blood and other fluids into the general circulation via the bone marrow. Surg Gynecol Obstet. 1941;73:281–7.
- Papper EM. Bone marrow mute for injecting fluids and drugs into the general circulation. Anesthesiology. 1942;3:307–13.
- Rosetti VA, Thompson BM, Miller J, Mateer JR, Aprahamian C. Intraosseous infusion: an alternative route of pediatric intravas-cular access. Ann Emerg Med. 1985;14:885–8.
- Cameron JL, Fontanarosa PB, Passalaqua AM. A comparative study of peripheral to central circulation delivery times between intraosseous and intravenous injection using radionucleotide technique in norrnovolemic and hypovolemic canines. J Emerg Med. 1989;7:123–7.
- Chameides L, Hazinski MF (eds). Intraosseous Cannulation. In: Textbook of Pediatric Advanced Life Support. Dallas TX: American Association of Pediatrics-American Heart Associa-tion, 1994, pp 5–6.
- Ross MH, Romrell LJ, Kaye GI. Histology: A Text and Atlas, Third Ed. Baltimore, MD: Williams & Wilkins, 1995, pp 150–3.
- Guy J, Haley K, Zuspan SJ. Use of intraosseous infusion in the pediatric trauma patient. J Pediatr Surg. 1993;28:158–61.
- Hurren JS, Dunn KW. Intraosseous infusion for burn resuscita-tion. Burns. 1995;21:285–7.
- Goldstein B, Doody D, Briggs S. Emergency intraosseous infu-sion in severely burned children. Pediatr Emerg Care. 1990; 6:1995–7.
- Miner WF, Corneli HM, Bolte RG, Lehnhof D, Clawson II. Prehospital use of intraosseous infusion by paramedics. Pediatr Emerg Care. 1989;5(1):5–7.
- Fiser DH. Intraosseous infusion. N Engl J Med. 1990;322:1579–81.
- McCarthy G, Buss P. The calcaneum as a site for intraosseous infusion [abstract]. J Accid Emerg Med. 1998;15:421.
- Orlowski JP, Porembka DT, Gallagher JM, Lockrem JD, VanLente F. Comparison study of intraosseous, central intra-venous, and peripheral intravenous infusions of emergency drugs. Am J Dis Child. 1990;144:112–7.
- Driggers DA, Johnson R, Steiner JF, Jewell GS, Swedberg JA, Goner V. Emergency resuscitation in children. The role of intraosseous infusion. Postgrad Med. 1991;89:129–32.
- Warren DW, Kissoon N, Mattar A, Morrissey G, Gravelle D, Rieder MJ. Pharmacokinetics from multiple intraosseous and peripheral intravenous site injections in norrnovolemic and hypovolemic pigs. Crit Care Med. 1994;22:838–43.
- Voelckel WG, Lurie KG, McKnite S, et al. Comparison of epi-nephrine with vasopressin on bone marrow blood flow in an animal model of hypovolemic shock and subsequent cardiac arrest. Crit Care Med. 2001;29:1587–92.
- Shoor PM, Berryhill RE, BenumofJL. Intraosseous infusion: pressure-flow relationships and pharmacokinetics. J Trauma. 1979; 19:772–4.
- Hurren JS. Can blood taken from intraosseous cannulations be used for blood analysis? Burns. 2000;26:727–30.
- Daga SR, Gosavi DV, Verrna B. Intraosseous access using butter-fly needle. Tropi Doc. 1999;29:142–4.
- Spriggs NM, White LJ, Martin SW, Brawley D, Chambers RM. Comparison of two intraosseous infusion techniques in an EMT training program [abstract]. Acad Emerg Med. 2000;7:1168.
- Gilman EA, Menegazzi JJ, Wang HE, Krell J. Traditional intraosseous needle vs spring-loaded device in a pediatric swine model. Acad Emerg Med. 2002;9:515.
- Hubble MW, Trigg DC. Training prehospital personnel in saphe-nous vein cutdown and adult intraosseous access techniques. Prehosp Emerg Care. 2001;5:181–9.
- Pyng Technologies Corporation. Available at: www.pyng.com/ pym/produds/biblio.htm. Accessed Oct. 2, 2002.
- Macnab A, Christenson J, Findlay J, et al. A new system for ster-nal intraosseous infusion in adults. Prehosp Emerg Care. 2000; 4:173–7.
- Calkins MD, Fitzgerald G, Bentley TB, Burris D. Intraosseous infusion devices: a comparison for potential use in special oper-ations. J Trauma. 2000;48:1068–74.
- Vidal R, Kissoon N, Gayle M. Compartment syndrome follow-ing intraosseous infusion. Pediatrics. 1993;91:1201–2.
- Orlowski JP, Julius CJ, Petras RE, Porembka DT, Gallagher JIM. The safety of intraosseous infusions; risks of fat and bone mar-row emboli to the lung. Ann Emerg Med. 1989;18:1062–7.
- Fiser RT, Walker WM, Seibert JJ, McCarthy R, Fiser DH. Tibial length following intraosseous infusion: a prospective, radi-ographic analysis. Pediatr Emerg Care. 1997;13:186–8.
- Dedrick DK, Mase C, Ranger W, Burney RE. The effects of intraosseous infusion on the growth plate in a nestling rabbit model. Ann Emerg Med. 1992;21:494–7.
- Gluckman W. Available at: www.emedicine.com /ped /topics 2557.htm. Accessed Oct. 2, 2002.
- Iserson KV. Intraosseous infusions in adults. J Emerg Med. 1989;7:587–91.
- Waisman M, Waisman D. Bone marrow infusion in adults. J Trauma. 1997;42:288–93.
- Losek JD, Szewczuga D, Glaeser PW. Improved prehospital pediatric ALS care after an EMT-paramedic clinical training course. Am J Emerg Med. 1994;12:429–32.
- Lillis KA, Jaffe DM. Prehospital intravenous access in children. Ann Emerg Med. 1992;21:1430–4.
- Tsai A, Kallsen G. Epidemiology of pediatric prehospital care. Ann Emerg Med. 1987;16:284–92.
- Seigler RS, Tecklenburg FW, Shealy R. Prehospital intraosseous infusion by emergency medical services personnel: a prospec-tive study. Pediatrics. 1989;84:173–7.
- Glaeser PW, Hellmich TR, Szewczuga D, Losek JD, Smith DS. Five-year experience in prehospital intraosseous infusions in children and adults. Annals of Emerg Med. 1993;22:1119–24.
- Smith RJ, Keseg DP, Manley LK, Standeford T. Intraosseous infusion by prehospital personnel in critically ill pediatric patients. Ann Emerg Med. 1988;17:491–5.
- Anderson TE, Arthur K, Kleinman M, et al. Intraosseous infu-sion: success of a standardized regional training program for prehospital advanced life support providers. Ann Emerg Med. 1994;23:52–5.
- Fuchs S, LaCovey D, Paris P. A prehospital model of intraosseous infusion. Ann Emerg Med. 1991;20:371–4.
- Salassi-Scotter M, Fiser DH. Adoption of intraosseous infusion technique for prehospital pediatric emergency care. Pediatr Emerg Care. 1990;6:263–5.