References
- Patterns of Global Terrorism 2001. United States Department of State. United States Department of State website. May, 2002, Available at: http://www.state.gov/documents/organization/10319.pdf. Accessed February 4, 2005
- Patterns of Global Terrorism 2002. United States Department of State. United States Department of State website. April, 2003, Available at: http://www.state.gov/documents/organization/20177.pdf. Accessed February 4, 2005
- Patterns of Global Terrorism 2003. United States Department of State. United States Department of State website. April, 2004, Available at: http://www.state.gov/documents/organization/31912.pdf. Accessed February 4, 2005
- Terrorism 2000/2001. United States Department of Justice, Federal Bureau of Investigation, Counterterrorism Division, Federal Bureau of Investigation website, Publication #0308. Available at: http://www.fbi.gov/publications/terror/terror2000_2001.htm. Accessed February 4, 2005.
- FBI Bomb Data Center: 1998 Bombing Incidents, General Information Bulletin 98-1, L O Gadson, M L Michael, N Walsh. US Department of Justice, Federal Bureau of Investigation. 1998
- The Terrorism Research Center, Available atwww.terrorism.com.Last accessed December 15, 2005.
- Wightman J M, Gladish S L. Explosions andblast injuries. Ann Emerg Med 2001; 37(6)664–78, [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE], [CSA]
- Horrocks C L. Blast injuries: biophysics, pathophysiology, andmanagement principles. J R Army Med Corps 2001; 147: 28–40, [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE], [CSA]
- Cullis IG. Blast waves andhow they interact with structures. J R Army Med Corps 2001; 147: 16–26, [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE], [CSA]
- Langworthy M J, Sabra J, Gould M. Terrorism andblast phenomena: lessons learned from the attack on the USS Cole (DDG67). Clinic Orthop 2004; 422: 82–7, [CROSSREF], [CSA]
- Elsayed N M. Toxicology of blast overpressure. Toxicology 1997; 121 1–15, [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE], [CROSSREF], [CSA]
- Yetiser S, Ustun T. Concussive blast-type aural trauma, eardrum perforations, andtheir effects on hearing levels: an update on military experience in Izmir, Turkey. Mil Med 1993; 158(12)803–6, [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE], [CSA]
- Mayorga M A. The pathology of primary blast overpressure injury. Toxicology 1997; 121: 17–28, [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE], [CROSSREF], [CSA]
- Kluger Y. Bomb explosions in acts of terrorism-detonation, wound ballistics, triage, andmedical concerns. Isr Med Assoc J 2003; 5: 235–40, [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE], [CSA]
- Sasser S M. Blast injuries. The Turkish Journal of Emergency Medicine 2001; 1(1)97–98, [CSA]
- Shaham D, Sella T, Makori A, Appelbum L, Rivkind A I, Bar-Ziv J. The role of radiology in terror injuries. Isr Med Assoc J 2002; 4(7)564–7, [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE], [CSA]
- Knapp J F, Sharp R J, Beatty R, Medina F. Blast trauma in a child. Pediatr Emerg Care 1990; 6(2)122–6, [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE], [CSA]
- Phillips Y Y. Primary blast injuries. Ann Emerg Med 1986; 15: 1446–50, [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE], [CROSSREF], [CSA]
- Cooper G J, Maynard R L, Cross N L, Hill J F. Casualties from terrorist bombings. J Trauma 1983; 23(11)955–67, [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE], [CSA]
- Stein M, Hirshberg A. Trauma care in the new millennium. Surg Clin North Am 1999; 79(6)1537–52, [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE], [CROSSREF], [CSA]
- Hadden W A, Rutherford W H, Merrett J D. The injuries of terrorist bombing: a study of 1532 consecutive patients. Br J Surg 1978; 65(8)525–31, [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE], [CSA]
- Frykberg E R, Tepas J J. Terrorist bombings: lessons learned from Belfast to Beirut. Ann Surg, 208: 569–76, [CSA]
- Mellor S G. The relationship of blast loading to death andinjury from explosion. World J. Surg 1992; 16: 893–8, [CSA]
- Katz E, Ofek B, Adler J, Abramowitz H B, Krausz M M. Primary blast injury after a bomb explosion on a civilian bus. Ann Surg 1989; 209(4)484–8, [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE], [CSA]
- de Ceballos J P, Turegano-Fuentes F, Perez-Diaz D, Sanz-Sanchez M, Martin-Llorente C, Guerrero-Sanz J E. 11 March 2004: The terrorist bomb explosions in Madrid, Spain-an analysis of the logistics, injuries sustained andclinical management of casualties treated at the closest hospital. Crit Care Med Jan, 2005; 33(1)s107–12, [CROSSREF], [CSA]
- Pizov R, Oppenheim-Eden A, Matot I, Weiss Y G, Eidelman L A, Rivkind A I, Sprung C L. Blast lung injury from an explosion on a civilian bus. Chest 1999; 115(1)165–72, [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE], [CROSSREF], [CSA]
- Tsokos M, Paulsen F, Petri S, Burkhard M, et al. Histological, immunohistochemical, andultra-structural findings in human blast lung injury. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2003; 168: 549–55, [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE], [CROSSREF], [CSA]
- Leibovici D, Gofrit O N, Stein M, Shapira S C, Noga Y, Heruti R J, Shemer J. Blast injuries: bus versus open-air bombings-a comparative study of injuries in survivors of open-air versus confinedspace explosions. J Trauma 1996; 41: 1030–35, [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE], [CSA]
- Hirshberg B, Oppenheim-Eden A, Pizov R, Sklair-Levi M, Rivkin A, Bardach E, Bublil M, Sprung C, Kramer M R. Recovery from blast lung injury: one-year follow-up. Chest 1999; 116(6)1683–8, [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE], [CROSSREF], [CSA]
- Frykberg E R, Tepas J J, Alexander R H. The 1983 Beirut airport terrorist bombing: injury patterns andimplications for disaster management. Am Surg 1989; 55: 134–41, [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE], [CSA]
- Irwin R J, Lerner M R, Bealer J F, Mantor P C, Brackett D J, Tuggle D W. Shock after blast wave injury is caused by a vagally mediated reflex. J Trauma 1999; 47(1)105–10, [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE], [CSA]
- Frykberg E R. Medical management of disasters andmass casualties from terrorist bombings: how can we cope?. J Trauma 2002; 53: 201–12, [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE], [CSA]
- Stuhmiller J H, Ho K H, Vander Vorst M J, Dodd K T, Fitzpatrick T, Mayorga M. A model of blast overpressure injury to the lung. J Biomech 1996; 29(2)227–34, [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE], [CROSSREF], [CSA]
- Stuhmiller J H. Biological response to blast overpressure: a summary of modeling. Toxicology 1997; 121: 91–103, [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE], [CROSSREF], [CSA]
- Mellor S G, Cooper G J. Analysis of 828 servicemen killed or injured by explosion in Northern Ireland 1970–84: the Hostile Action Casualty System. Br J Surg Oct, 1989; 76(10)1006–10, [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE], [CSA]
- DePalma R G, Burris D G, Champion H R, Hodgson M J. Blast injuries. N Engl J Med Mar, 2005; 352(13)1335–42, 31[PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE], [CROSSREF], [CSA]
- Zhang J, Wang Z, Leng J, Yang Z. Studies on lung injuries caused by blast underpressure. J Trauma 1996; 40(3 supplement)s77–s80, [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE], [CSA]
- Elsayed N M, Gorbunov N V. Interplay between high energy impulse noise (blast) andantioxidants in the lung. Toxicology 2003; 189(1–2)63–74, [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE], [CROSSREF], [CSA]
- Argyros G J. Management of primary blast injury. Toxicology 1997; 121: 105–15, [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE], [CROSSREF], [CSA]
- Leibovici D, Gofrit O N, Shapira S C. Eardrum perforation in explosion survivors: is it a marker of pulmonary blast injury?. Ann Emerg Med 1999; 34(2) 168–72, [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE], [CROSSREF], [CSA]
- Sorkine P, Szold O, Kluger Y, Halpern P, Weinbroum A A, Fleishon R, Silbiger A, Rudick V. Permissive hypercapnia ventilation in patients with severe pulmonary blast injury. J Trauma 1998; 45(1)35–38, [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE], [CSA]
- Irwin R J, Lerner M R, Bealer J F, Brackett D J, Tuggle D W. Cardiopulmonary physiology of primary blast injury. J Trauma 1997; 43(4)650–5, [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE], [CSA]
- Almogy G, Luria T, Richter E, Pizov R. Can external signs of trauma guide management? Lessons learned from suicide bombings attacks in Israel. Arch Surg Apr, 2005; 140(4)390–3, [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE], [CROSSREF], [CSA]
- Cohn S M. Pulmonary contusion: review of the clinical entity. J. Trauma Jul, 1997; 47(1)96–103, discussion 103-4[CSA]
- Elsayed N M, Gorbunov N V, Kagan V E. A proposed biochemical mechanism involving hemoglobin for blast over-pressure induced injury. Toxicology 1997; 121: 81–90, [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE], [CROSSREF], [CSA]
- Lavonis E. Blast injuries, Emedicine website. Available athttp://www.emedicine.com/emerg/topic63.htm. Accessed February 4, 2005
- Gorbunov N V, McFaul S J, Van Albert S, Morrissette C, Zaucha G M, Nath J. Assessment of inflammatory response andsequestration of blood iron transferrin complexes in a rat model of lung injury resulting from exposure to low-frequency shock waves. Crit Care Med Apr, 2004; 32(4)1028–34, [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE], [CROSSREF], [CSA]