References
- U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration, Office of Applied Studies. National Survey on Drug Use and Health. Substance Abuse & Mental Health Data Archive. 2006, Available at: http://www.icpsr.com/cocoon/SAMHDA/STUDY/21240.xml Accessed April 9, 2009
- Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration, Office of Applied Studies. Drug Abuse Warning Network, 2006: National Estimates of Drug-Related Emergency Department Visits. SAMHSA, Rockville, MD 2008, DAWN Series D-30, DHHS Publication No. (SMA) 08-4339
- Haim D Y, Lipmann M L, Goldberg S K, Walkenstein M D. The pulmonary complications of crack cocaine: a comprehensive review. Chest 1995; 107: 233–240
- Seaman M E. Barotrauma related to inhalational drug abuse. J Emerg Med 1990; 8: 141–9
- Mattox K L. Pneumomediastinum in heroin and marijuana users. J Am Coll Emerg Physicians 1976; 5(1)26–8
- Aroesty D J, Stanley R B, Crockett D M. Pneumomediastinum and cervical emphysema from the inhalation of “free based” cocaine: report of three cases. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 1986; 94: 372–4
- Khouzam N. The cocaine user who looked like a bullfrog. Hosp Pract (Off Ed) 1986; 21(9)157–8
- Riccio J C, Abbott J. A simple sore throat? Retropharyngeal emphysema secondary to free-basing cocaine. J Emerg Med 1990; 8: 709–12
- Maeder M, Ulmer E. Pneumomediastinum and bilateral pneumothorax as a complication of cocaine smoking. Respiration 2003; 70: 407
- Shesser R, Davis C, Edelstein C. Pneumomediastinum and pneumothorax after inhaling alkaloidal cocaine. Ann Emerg Med 1981; 10: 213–5
- Fajardo L L. Association of spontaneous pneumomediastinum with substance abuse. West J Med 1990; 152: 301–4
- Goldberg R E, Lipuma J P, Cohen A M. Pneumomediastinum associated with cocaine abuse: a case report and review of the literature. J Thorac Imaging 1987; 2(3)88–9
- Luque M A, 3rd, Cavallaro D L, Torres M, Emmanual P, Hillaman J V. Pneumomediastinum, pneumothorax, and subcutaneous emphysema after alternate cocaine inhalation and marijuana smoking. Pediatr Emerg Care 1987; 3: 107–9
- Uva J L. Spontaneous pneumothoraces, pneumomediastinum, and pneumoperitoneum: consequences of smoking crack cocaine. Pediatr Emerg Care 1997; 13: 24–6
- Dunmire S M. Spontaneous pneumothorax and pneumomediastinum. Harwood-Nuss' Clinical Practice of Emergency Medicine. 4th edition, A B Wolfson. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, Philadelphia 2005; 230–2
- Munsell W P. Pneumomediastinum. JAMA 1967; 202: 129–33
- Hamman L. Mediastinal emphysema. JAMA 1945; 128: 1–6
- Morris J B. Pneumomediastinum in a young male cocaine user. Ann Emerg Med 1985; 14: 194–6