1,178
Views
12
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Special Contribution

Scene Safety and Force Protection in the Era of Ultra-Potent Opioids

Pages 157-162 | Received 06 Jul 2017, Accepted 09 Aug 2017, Published online: 28 Sep 2017

References

  • Rudd RA, Seth P, David F, Scholl L. Increases in drug and opioid-involved overdose Deaths - United States, 2010–2015. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2016;65(5051):1445–52.
  • Wide-Ranging Online Data for Epidemiologic Research (WONDER). CDC. Atlanta, GA: National Center for Health Statistics; 2015.
  • Williams KE. Overdose Death Data, Allegheny County PA. 2017. Available from: https://www.overdosefreepa.pitt.edu/know-the-facts/view-overdose-death-data/.
  • Special Testing and Research (STaR) Laboratory, editor DEA Emerging Trends Program. Emerging Threat Report. 2016.
  • Faul M, Lurie P, Kinsman JM, Dailey MW, Crabaugh C, Sasser SM. Multiple naloxone administrations among emergency medical service providers is increasing. Prehosp Hosp Care. 2017;21(4):1–8.
  • Weiner SG, Mitchell PM, Temin ES, Langlois BK, Dyer KS. Use of intranasal naloxone by basic life support providers. Prehosp Emerg Care. 2017;21(3):322–326.
  • Fisher R, O'Donnell D, Ray B, Rusyniak D. Police officers can safely and effectively administer intranasal naloxone. Prehosp Emerg Care. 2016;20(6):675–80.
  • Santos P, Watkinson AC, Hadgraft J, Lane ME. Enhanced permeation of fentanyl from supersaturated solutions in a model membrane. Int J Pharm. 2011;407(1–2):72–7.
  • Michaels AS, Chandrasekaran SK, Shaw JE. Drug permeation through human skin: theory and in vitro experimental measurement. AIChE J. 1975;21(5):985–96.
  • Lane ME. The transdermal delivery of fentanyl. Eur J Pharm Biopharm. 2013;84(3):449–55.
  • Van Nimmen NF, Poels KL, Severi MJ, Godderis L, Veulemans HA. Selecting an appropriate biomonitoring strategy to evaluate dermal exposure to opioid narcotic analgesics in pharmaceutical production workers. Occup Environ Med. 2010;67(7):464–70.
  • Van Nimmen NF, Poels KL, Veulemans HA. Identification of exposure pathways for opioid narcotic analgesics in pharmaceutical production workers. Ann Occup Hyg. 2006;50(7):665–77.
  • Prodduturi S, Sadrieh N, Wokovich AM, Doub WH, Westenberger BJ, Buhse L. Transdermal delivery of fentanyl from matrix and reservoir systems: effect of heat and compromised skin. J Pharm Sci. 2010;99(5):2357–66.
  • Grassin-Delyle S, Buenestado A, Naline E, et al. Intranasal drug delivery: An efficient and non-invasive route for systemic administration: focus on opioids. Pharmacol Ther. 2012;134(3):366–79.
  • Parikh N, Goskonda V, Chavan A, Dillaha L. Single-dose pharmacokinetics of fentanyl sublingual spray and oral transmucosal fentanyl citrate in healthy volunteers: a randomized crossover study. Clin Ther. 2013;35(3):236–43.
  • Sebel PS, Barrett CW, Kirk CJ, Heykants J. Transdermal absorption of fentanyl and sufentanil in man. Eur J Clin Pharmacol. 1987;32(5):529–31.
  • Division of Applied Research and Technology (DART). CDC. Hierarchy of Controls. [Internet]. Atlanta, GA: CDC; 2016. Web. July 18, 2016. Available from: https://www.cdc.gov/niosh/topics/hierarchy/default.html
  • Riches JR, Read RW, Black RM, Cooper NJ, Timperley CM. Analysis of clothing and urine from Moscow theatre siege casualties reveals carfentanil and remifentanil use. J Anal Toxicol. 2012;36(9):647–56.
  • Rondinone N. 11 Hartford SWAT officers exposed to heroin, fentanyl during drug raid. Hartford Courant. September 14, 2016, 2016.
  • National Institute of Occupational Safety and Health, Education and Information Division. CDC. Fentanyl: preventing occupational exposure to emergency responders. [Internet]. Atlanta, GA: CDC; 2016. November 28, 2016 Available from: https://www.cdc.gov/niosh/topics/fentanyl/default.html.
  • Moss MJ, Warrick BJ, Nelson LS, McKay CA, Dube PA, Gosselin S, Palmer RB, Stolbach AI. ACMT and AACT position statement: preventing occupational fentanyl and fentanyl analog exposure to emergency responders. J Med Toxicol. 2017;1–5.

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.