The Association of Death Notification and Related Training with Burnout among Emergency Medical Services Professionals

References

• Fallowfield L, Jenkins V. Communicating sad, bad, and difficult news in medicine. Lancet. 2004;363(9405):312–9. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(03)15392-5.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Orlander JD, Fincke BG, Hermanns D, Johnson GA. Medical residents’ first clearly remembered experiences of giving bad news. J Gen Intern Med. 2002;17(11):825–31. doi:10.1046/j.1525-1497.2002.10915.x.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stewart AE. Complicated bereavement and posttraumatic stress disorder following fatal car crashes: recommendations for death notification practice. Death Stud. 1999;23(4):289–321. doi:10.1080/074811899200984.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Iserson KV. The gravest words: sudden-death notifications and emergency care. Ann Emerg Med. 2000;36(1):75–7. doi:10.1067/mem.2000.107664.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Johnson J, Panagioti M. Interventions to improve the breaking of bad or difficult news by physicians, medical students, and interns/residents: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Acad Med. 2018;93(9):1400–12. doi:10.1097/ACM.0000000000002308.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Blanchard P, Truchot D, Albiges-Sauvin L, Dewas S, Pointreau Y, Rodrigues M, Xhaard A, Loriot Y, Giraud P, Soria JC, et al. Prevalence and causes of burnout amongst oncology residents: a comprehensive nationwide cross-sectional study. Eur J Cancer. 2010;46(15):2708–15. doi:10.1016/j.ejca.2010.05.014.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brown R, Dunn S, Byrnes K, Morris R, Heinrich P, Shaw J. Doctors’ stress responses and poor communication performance in simulated bad-news consultations. Acad Med. 2009;84(11):1595–602. doi:10.1097/ACM.0b013e3181baf537.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rosenbaum ME, Ferguson KJ, Lobas JG. Teaching medical students and residents skills for delivering bad news: a review of strategies. Acad Med. 2004;79(2):107–17. doi:10.1097/00001888-200402000-00002.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Liénard A, Merckaert I, Libert Y, Bragard I, Delvaux N, Etienne AM, Marchal S, Meunier J, Reynaert C, Slachmuylder JL, et al. Is it possible to improve residents breaking bad news skills? A randomised study assessing the efficacy of a communication skills training program. Br J Cancer. 2010;103(2):171–7. doi:10.1038/sj.bjc.6605749.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• The National Registry of Emergency Medical Technicians. Growth & change: Annual report 2016. 2016 [Accessed January 30, 2019]. Available from: https://content.nremt.org/static/documents/annual-reports/2016_Annual_Report.pdf.
   Google Scholar
• Crowe RP, Bower JK, Cash RE, Panchal AR, Rodriguez SA, Olivo-Marston SE. Association of burnout with workforce-reducing factors among EMS professionals. Prehosp Emerg Care. 2018;22(2):229–36. doi:10.1080/10903127.2017.1356411.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cash RE, Crowe RP, Rodriguez SA, Panchal AR. Disparities in feedback provision to emergency medical services professionals. Prehosp Emerg Care. 2017;21(6):773–81. doi:10.1080/10903127.2017.1328547.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dillman DA, Smyth JD, Christian LM. Internet, mail, and mixed-mode surveys: the tailored design method. Hoboken (NJ): Wiley & Sons; 2011.
   Google Scholar
• Levine R. Longitudinal emergency medical technician attributes and demographic study (LEADS) design and methodology. Prehosp Disaster Med. 2016;31(S1):S7–S17. doi:10.1017/S1049023X16001059.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Fallat ME, Barbee AP, Forest R, McClure ME, Henry K, Cunningham MR. Family centered practice during pediatric death in an out of hospital setting. Prehosp Emerg Care. 2016;20(6):798–807. doi:10.1080/10903127.2016.1182600.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Barbee AP, Fallat ME, Forest R, McClure ME, Henry K, Cunningham MR. EMS perspectives on coping with child death in an out-of-hospital setting. J Loss Trauma. 2016;21(6):455–70. doi:10.1080/15325024.2015.1117929.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kristensen TS, Borritz M, Villadsen E, Christensen KB. The Copenhagen Burnout Inventory: a new tool for the assessment of burnout. Hum Res Abs. 2005;19(3):192–207. doi:10.1080/02678370500297720.
   Google Scholar
• Borritz M, Kristensen T. Copenhagen Burnout Inventory: normative data from a representative Danish population on Personal Burnout and results from the PUMA study on Personal Burnout, Work Burnout, and Client Burnout. National Institute of Occupational Health, Copenhagen, Denmark; 2004.
   Google Scholar
• Taghavi M, Simon A, Kappus S, Meyer N, Lassen CL, Klier T, Ruppert DB, Graf BM, Hanekop GG, Wiese C. Paramedics experiences and expectations concerning advance directives: a prospective, questionnaire-based, bi-centre study. Palliat Med. 2012;26(7):908–16. doi:10.1177/0269216311419885.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ponce A, Swor R, Quest TE, Macy M, Meurer W, Sasson C. Death notification training for prehospital providers: a pilot study. Prehosp Emerg Care. 2010;14(4):537–42. doi:10.3109/10903127.2010.497899.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• The National Registry of Emergency Medical Technicians. 2014 National EMS practice analysis. 2015. [Accessed March 1, 2020]. Available from:https://content.nremt.org/static/documents/2014%20NATIONAL%20EMS%20PRACTICE%20ANALYSIS.pdf.
   Google Scholar
• Kurz MC, Schmicker RH, Leroux B, Nichol G, Aufderheide TP, Cheskes S, Grunau B, Jasti J, Kudenchuk P, Vilke GM, et al. Advanced vs. basic life support in the treatment of out-of-hospital cardiopulmonary arrest in the resuscitation outcomes consortium. Resuscitation. 2018;128:132–7. doi:10.1016/j.resuscitation.2018.04.031.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Morrison LJ, Eby D, Veigas PV, Zhan C, Kiss A, Arcieri V, Hoogeveen P, Loreto C, Welsford M, Dodd T, et al. Implementation trial of the basic life support termination of resuscitation rule: reducing the transport of futile out-of-hospital cardiac arrests. Resuscitation. 2014;85(4):486–91. doi:10.1016/j.resuscitation.2013.12.013.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Verbeek PR, Vermeulen MJ, Ali FH, Messenger DW, Summers J, Morrison LJ. Derivation of a termination-of-resuscitation guideline for emergency medical technicians using automated external defibrillators. Acad Emerg Med. 2002;9(7):671–8. doi:10.1197/aemj.9.7.671.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shibahashi K, Sugiyama K, Hamabe Y. A potential termination of resuscitation rule for EMS to implement in the field for out-of-hospital cardiac arrest: an observational cohort study. Resuscitation. 2018;130:28–32. doi:10.1016/j.resuscitation.2018.06.026.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jordan MR, O’Keefe MF, Weiss D, Cubberley CW, MacLean CD, Wolfson DL. Implementation of the universal BLS termination of resuscitation rule in a rural EMS system. Resuscitation. 2017;118:75–81. doi:10.1016/j.resuscitation.2017.07.004.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mancini ME, Diekema DS, Hoadley TA, Kadlec KD, Leveille MH, McGowan JE, Munkwitz MM, Panchal AR, Sayre MR, Sinz EH. Part 3: ethical issues: 2015 American Heart Association guidelines update for cardiopulmonary resuscitation and emergency cardiovascular care. Circulation. 2015;132(18 Suppl 2):S383–S96. doi:10.1161/CIR.0000000000000254.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cone D. Developing the science of out-of-hospital termination of resuscitation. Resuscitation. 2014;85(4):446–7. doi:10.1016/j.resuscitation.2014.01.020.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Edwardsen EA, Chiumento S, Davis E. Family perspective of medical care and grief support after field termination by emergency medical services personnel: a preliminary report. Prehosp Emerg Care. 2002;6(4):440–4. doi:10.1080/10903120290938094.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Kahn CA, Pirrallo RG, Kuhn EM. Characteristics of fatal ambulance crashes in the United States: an 11-year retrospective analysis. Prehosp Emerg Care. 2001;5(3):261–9. doi:10.1080/10903120190939751.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Millin MG, Khandker SR, Malki A. Termination of resuscitation of nontraumatic cardiopulmonary arrest: resource document for the National Association of EMS Physicians position statement. Prehosp Emerg Care. 2011;15(4):547–54. doi:10.3109/10903127.2011.608872.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Murray B, Kue R. The use of emergency lights and sirens by ambulances and their effect on patient outcomes and public safety: a comprehensive review of the literature. Prehosp Disaster Med. 2017;32(2):209–16. doi:10.1017/S1049023X16001503.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tataris KL, Richards CT, Stein-Spencer L, Ryan S, Lazzara P, Weber JM. EMS provider perceptions on termination of resuscitation in a large, urban EMS system. Prehosp Emerg Care. 2017;21(5):610–5. doi:10.1080/10903127.2017.1317891.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Grudzen CR, Timmermans S, Koenig WJ, Torres JM, Hoffman JR, Lorenz KA, Asch SM. Paramedic and emergency medical technicians views on opportunities and challenges when forgoing and halting resuscitation in the field. Acad Emerg Med. 2009;16(6):532–8. doi:10.1111/j.1553-2712.2009.00427.x.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Anderson NE, Slark J, Faasse K, Gott M. Paramedic student confidence, concerns, learning and experience with resuscitation decision-making and patient death: a pilot survey. Australas Emerg Care. 2019;22(3):156–61. doi:10.1016/j.auec.2019.07.001.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Douglas L, Cheskes S, Feldman M, Ratnapalan S. Death notification education for paramedics: past, present and future directions. J Paramedic Pract. 2013;5(3):152–9. doi:10.12968/jpar.2013.5.3.152.
   Google Scholar
• Smith-Cumberland TL, Feldman RH. EMTs’ attitudes’ toward death before and after a death education program. Prehosp Emerg Care. 2006;10(1):89–95. doi:10.1080/10903120500365955.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hobgood C, Harward D, Newton K, Davis W. The educational intervention “GRIEV_ING” improves the death notification skills of residents. Acad Emerg Med. 2005;12(4):296–301. doi:10.1197/j.aem.2004.12.008.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Servotte J-C, Bragard I, Szyld D, Van Ngoc P, Scholtes B, Van Cauwenberge I, Donneau A-F, Dardenne N, Goosse M, Pilote B, et al. Efficacy of a short role-play training on breaking bad news in the emergency department. WestJEM. 2019;20(6):893–902. doi:10.5811//westjem.2019.8.43441.
   Google Scholar
• Hobgood C, Mathew D, Woodyard DJ, Shofer FS, Brice JH. Death in the field: teaching paramedics to deliver effective death notifications using the educational intervention “GRIEV_ING”. Prehosp Emerg Care. 2013;17(4):501–10. doi:10.3109/10903127.2013.804135.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Calhoun AW, Sutton ERH, Barbee AP, McClure B, Bohnert C, Forest R, Taillac P, Fallat ME. Compassionate Options for Pediatric EMS (COPE): addressing communication skills. Prehosp Emerg Care. 2017;21(3):334–43. doi:10.1080/10903127.2016.1263370.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Demerouti E, Bakker AB, Nachreiner F, Schaufeli WB. The job demands-resources model of burnout. J Appl Psychol. 2001;86(3):499–512.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Crowe RP, Fernandez AR, Pepe PE, Cash RE, Rivard MK, Wronski R, Anderson SE, Hogan TH, Andridge RR, Panchal AR, et al. The association of job demands and resources with burnout among emergency medical services professionals. J Am Coll Emerg Phys Open. 2020;1(1):6–16. doi:10.1002/emp2.12014.
   Google Scholar