References
- Brandler ES, Sharma M, Sinert RH, Levine SR. Prehospital stroke scales in urban environments: a systematic review. Neurology. 2014;82(24):2241–9. doi:https://doi.org/10.1212/WNL.0000000000000523.
- Kobayashi A, Czlonkowska A, Ford GA, Fonseca AC, Luijckx GJ, Korv J, de la Ossa NP, Price C, Russell D, Tsiskaridze A, et al. European Academy of Neurology and European Stroke Organization consensus statement and practical guidance for pre-hospital management of stroke. Eur J Neurol. 2018;25(3):425–33. doi:https://doi.org/10.1111/ene.13539.
- Purrucker JC, Härtig F, Richter H, Engelbrecht A, Hartmann J, Auer J, Hametner C, Popp E, Ringleb PA, Nagel S, et al. Design and validation of a clinical scale for prehospital stroke recognition, severity grading and prediction of large vessel occlusion: the shortened NIH Stroke Scale for emergency medical services. BMJ Open. 2017;7(9):e016893. doi:https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2017-016893.
- Harbison J, Hossain O, Jenkinson D, Davis J, Louw SJ, Ford GA. Diagnostic accuracy of stroke referrals from primary care, emergency room physicians, and ambulance staff using the face arm speech test. Stroke. 2003;34(1):71–6. doi:https://doi.org/10.1161/01.STR.0000044170.46643.5E.
- Pérez de la Ossa N, Carrera D, Gorchs M, Querol M, Millán M, Gomis M, Dorado L, López-Cancio E, Hernández-Pérez M, Chicharro V, et al. Design and validation of a prehospital stroke scale to predict large arterial occlusion: the rapid arterial occlusion evaluation scale. Stroke. 2014;45(1):87–91. doi:https://doi.org/10.1161/STROKEAHA.113.003071.
- Katz BS, McMullan JT, Sucharew H, Adeoye O, Broderick JP. Design and validation of a prehospital scale to predict stroke severity: Cincinnati prehospital stroke severity scale. Stroke. 2015;46(6):1508–12. doi:https://doi.org/10.1161/STROKEAHA.115.008804.
- Lima FO, Silva GS, Furie KL, Frankel MR, Lev MH, Camargo ÉC, Haussen DC, Singhal AB, Koroshetz WJ, Smith WS, et al. Field assessment stroke triage for emergency destination: a simple and accurate prehospital scale to detect large vessel occlusion strokes. Stroke. 2016;47(8):1997–2002. doi:https://doi.org/10.1161/STROKEAHA.116.013301.
- Scheitz JF, Abdul-Rahim AH, MacIsaac RL, Cooray C, Sucharew H, Kleindorfer D, Khatri P, Broderick JP, Audebert HJ, Ahmed N, SITS Scientific Committee, et al. Clinical selection strategies to identify ischemic stroke patients with large anterior vessel occlusion: results from SITS-ISTR (safe implementation of thrombolysis in stroke international stroke thrombolysis registry). Stroke. 2017;48(2):290–7. doi:https://doi.org/10.1161/STROKEAHA.116.014431.
- DeLong ER, DeLong DM, Clarke-Pearson DL. Comparing the areas under two or more correlated receiver operating characteristic curves: a nonparametric approach. Biometrics. 1988;44(3):837–45.
- Vanacker P, Heldner MR, Amiguet M, Faouzi M, Cras P, Ntaios G, Arnold M, Mattle HP, Gralla J, Fischer U, et al. Prediction of large vessel occlusions in acute stroke: National Institute of Health Stroke Scale is hard to beat. Crit Care Med. 2016;44(6):e336–e343. doi:https://doi.org/10.1097/CCM.0000000000001630.
- Heldner MR, Hsieh K, Broeg-Morvay A, Mordasini P, Bühlmann M, Jung S, Arnold M, Mattle HP, Gralla J, Fischer U. Clinical prediction of large vessel occlusion in anterior circulation stroke: mission impossible? J Neurol. 2016;263(8):1633–40. doi:https://doi.org/10.1007/s00415-016-8180-6.
- Richards CT, Huebinger R, Tataris KL, Weber JM, Eggers L, Markul E, Stein-Spencer L, Pearlman KS, Holl JL, Prabhakaran S. Cincinnati prehospital stroke scale can identify large vessel occlusion stroke. Prehosp Emerg Care. 2018;22(3):312–8. doi:https://doi.org/10.1080/10903127.2017.1387629.
- Crowe RP, Myers JB, Fernandez AR, Bourn S, McMullan JT. The Cincinnati prehospital stroke scale compared to stroke severity tools for large vessel occlusion stroke prediction. Prehosp Emerg Care. 2020;25:1–9.
- Dickson RL, Crowe RP, Patrick C, Crocker K, Aiken M, Adams A, Gleisberg GR, Nichols T, Mason C, Panchal AR. Performance of the RACE score for the prehospital identification of large vessel occlusion stroke in a suburban/rural EMS service. Prehosp Emerg Care. 2019;23(5):612–8. doi:https://doi.org/10.1080/10903127.2019.1573281.
- Xu Y, Parikh NS, Jiao B, Willey JZ, Boehme AK, Elkind MSV. Decision analysis model for prehospital triage of patients with acute stroke. Stroke. 2019;50(4):970–7. doi:https://doi.org/10.1161/STROKEAHA.118.023272.
- Benoit JL, Khatri P, Adeoye OM, Broderick JP, McMullan JT, Scheitz JF, Vagal AS, Eckman MH. Prehospital triage of acute ischemic stroke patients to an intravenous tPA-ready versus endovascular-ready hospital: a decision analysis. Prehosp Emerg Care. 2018;22(6):722–33. doi:https://doi.org/10.1080/10903127.2018.1465500. Epub 2018 May 30.