References
- Crocco T, Grotta J, Jauch E, Kasner S, Kothari R, Larmon B, Saver J, Sayre M, Davis S. EMS management of acute stroke-prehospital triage (resource document to NAEMSP position statement). Prehosp Emerg Care. 2007;11(3):313–7. doi:https://doi.org/10.1080/10903120701347844.
- Fredrickson A, Fernandez M, Shaprio S, Henderson S. EMS patients receive more rapid care than ambulatory patients for acute stroke. West J Emerg Med. 2008;9(1):63.
- Oostema J, Nasiri M, Chassee T, Reeves M. The quality of prehospital ischemic stroke care: compliance with guidelines and impact on in-hospital stroke response. J Stroke Cerebrovasc Dis. 2014;23(10):2773–9. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jstrokecerebrovasdis.2014.06.030.
- Minnerup J, Wersching H, Unrath M, Berger K. Effects of emergency medical service transport on acute stroke care. Eur J Neurol. 2014;21(10):1344–7. doi:https://doi.org/10.1111/ene.12367.
- Adeoye O, Lindsell C, Broderick J, Alwell K, Jauch E, Moomaw C, Flaherty M, Pancioli A, Kissela B, Kleindorfer D. Emergency medical services use by stroke patients: a population-based study. Am J Emerg Med. 2009;27(2):141–5. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ajem.2008.02.004.
- Powers W, Derdeyn C, Biller J, Coffey C, Hoh B, Jauch E, Johnston K, Johnston C, Khalessi A, Kidwell C, American Heart Association Stroke Council, et al. 2015 American Heart Association/American Stroke Association focused update of the 2013 guidelines for the early management of patients with acute ischemic stroke regarding endovascular treatment: a guideline for healthcare professionals from the American Heart Association/American Stroke Association. Stroke. 2015;46(10):3020–35. doi:https://doi.org/10.1161/STR.0000000000000074.
- Khatri P, Yeatts SD, Mazighi M, Broderick JP, Liebeskind DS, Demchuk AM, Amarenco P, Carrozzella J, Spilker J, Foster LD, IMS III Trialists, et al. IMS III Trialists. Time to angiographic reperfusion and clinical outcome after acute ischaemic stroke: an analysis of data from the Interventional Management of Stroke (IMS III) phase 3 trial. Lancet Neurol. 2014;13(6):567–74. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/S1474-4422(14)70066-3.
- Fassbender K, Walter S, Grunwald I, Merzou F, Mathur S, Lesmeister M, Liu Y, Bertsch T, Grotta J. Prehospital stroke management in the thrombectomy era. Lancet Neurol. 2020;19(7):601–10. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/S1474-4422(20)30102-2.
- Ganti L, Oostema J. How accurate are the stroke severity scales for identifying large vessel occlusions? Ann Emerg Med. 2020;75(4):494–6. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.annemergmed.2019.07.022.
- Goyal M, Marko M. Optimizing prehospital stroke triage in a changing landscape. Lancet Neurol. 2021;3:166–8. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/S1474-4422(20)30488-9.
- Adeoye O, Nyström K, Yavagal D, Luciano J, Nogueira R, Zorowitz R, Khalessi A, Bushnell C, Barsan W, Panagos P, et al. Recommendations for the establishment of stroke systems of care: a 2019 update. Stroke. 2019;50(7):e187–e210. doi:https://doi.org/10.1161/STR.0000000000000173.
- AHA/ASA Mission: lifeline stroke emergency medical services acute stroke routing algorithm [Internet]. 2020. [cited 2021 Mar 21]. Available from: https://www.stroke.org/-/media/stroke-files/ems-resources/ems-algorithm-acute-stroke-routing.pdf?la=en.
- Smith E, Kent D, Bulsara K, Leung L, Lichtman J, Reeves M, Towfighi A, Whiteley W, Zahuranec D, American Heart Association Stroke Council. Accuracy of prediction instruments for diagnosing large vessel occlusion in individuals with suspected stroke: a systematic review for the 2018 guidelines for the early management of patients with acute ischemic stroke. Stroke. 2018;49(3):e111–e122. doi:https://doi.org/10.1161/STR.0000000000000160.
- Lima F, Silva G, Furie K, Frankel M, Lev M, Camargo É, Haussen D, Singhal A, Koroshetz W, Smith W, et al. Field assessment stroke triage for emergency destination: a simple and accurate prehospital scale to detect large vessel occlusion strokes. Stroke. 2016;47(8):1997–2002. doi:https://doi.org/10.1161/strokeaha.116.013301.
- Dowbiggin P, Infinger A, Purick G, Swanson D, Studnek J. Inter-rater reliability of the FAST-ED in the out-of-hospital setting. Prehosp Emerg Care. 2021;12:1–8.
- Dozois A, Hampton L, Kingston C, Lambert G, Porcelli T, Sorenson D, Templin M, VonCannon S, Asimos A. PLUMBER study (prevalence of large vessel occlusion strokes in Mecklenburg County emergency response). Stroke. 2017;48(12):3397–9. doi:https://doi.org/10.1161/STROKEAHA.117.018925.
- Jauch E, Schwamm L, Panagos P, Barbazzeni J, Dickson R, Dunne R, Foley J, Fraser J, Lassers G, Martin-Gill C, et al. Recommendations for regional stroke destination plans in rural, suburban, and urban communities from the Prehospital Stroke System of Care Consensus Conference: a consensus statement from the American Academy of Neurology, American Heart Association/American Stroke Association, American Society of Neuroradiology, National Association of EMS Physicians, National Association of State EMS Officials, Society of Neurointerventional Surgery, and Society of Vascular and Interventional Neurology: endorsed by the Neurocritical Care Society. Stroke. 2021; 52:e133–e152. doi:https://doi.org/10.1161/STROKEAHA.120.033228.
- Duvekot M, Venema E, Rozeman A, Moudrous W, Vermeij F, Biekart M, Lingsma H, Maasland L, Wijnhoud A, Mulder L, PRESTO investigators, et al. Comparison of eight prehospital stroke scales to detect intracranial large-vessel occlusion in suspected stroke (PRESTO): a prospective observational study. Lancet Neurol. 2021;20(3):213–21. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/S1474-4422(20)30439-7.
- Nogueira R. Vertebrobasilar Occlusion Randomization to Endovascular Reperfusion versus Intravenous Thrombolysis or Medical Treatment Alone Systematic Evaluation (VERITAS) Collaboration. International Stroke Conference. 2021. LB11
- Benoit J, Khatri P, Adeoye O, Broderick J, McMullan J, Scheitz J, Vagal A, Eckman M. Prehospital triage of acute ischemic stroke patients to an intravenous tPA-ready versus endovascular-ready hospital: a decision analysis. Prehosp Emerg Care. 2018;22(6):722–33. doi:https://doi.org/10.1080/10903127.2018.1465500.
- Krebs S, Roth D, Knoflach M, Baubin M, Lang W, Beisteiner R, Purrucker J, Poli S, Sykora M. Design and derivation of the Austrian Prehospital stroke scale (APSS) to predic severe stroke with large vessel occlusion. Prehosp Emerg Care. 2021;12:1–9. doi:https://doi.org/10.1080/10903127.2020.1851329.
- Uchida K, Yoshimura S, Sakakibara F, Kinjo N, Araki H, Saito S, Morimoto T, Takeshi Morimoto & JUST Score Investigators. Simplified prehospital prediction rule to estimate the likelihood of 4 types of stroke: the 7-Item Japan Urgent Stroke Triage (JUST-7) score. Prehosp Emerg Care. 2021;25(4):465–74. doi:https://doi.org/10.1080/10903127.2020.1800877.