A National Assessment of EMS Performance at the Response and Agency Level

References

• Mehta NK, Allam S, Mazimba S, Karim S. Racial, ethnic, and socioeconomic disparities in out-of-hospital cardiac arrest within the United States: now is the time for change. Heart Rhythm O2. 2022;3(6):857–63. doi:10.1016/j.hroo.2022.07.009.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Bradford JM, Cardenas TC, Edwards A, Norman T, Teixeira PG, Trust MD, DuBose J, Kempema J, Ali S, Brown CV, et al. Racial and ethnic disparity in prehospital pain management for trauma patients. J Am Coll Surg. 2023;236(3):461–7. doi:10.1097/XCS.0000000000000486.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Garcia RA, Girotra S, Jones PG, McNally B, Spertus JA, Chan PS. Variation in out-of-hospital cardiac arrest survival across emergency medical service agencies. Circ Cardiovasc Qual Outcomes. 2022;15(6):e008755. doi:10.1161/CIRCOUTCOMES.121.008755.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Eisenberg MS, Horwood BT, Cummins RO, Reynolds-Haertle R, Hearne TR. Cardiac arrest and resuscitation: a tale of 29 cities. Ann Emerg Med. 1990;19(2):179–86. doi:10.1016/s0196-0644(05)81805-0.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McNally B, Robb R, Mehta M, et al. Out-of-hospital cardiac arrest surveillance –- Cardiac Arrest Registry to Enhance Survival (CARES), United States, October 1, 2005–December 31, 2010. MMWR Surveill Summ. 2011;60(8):1–19.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Govindarajan P, Lin L, Landman A, McMullan JT, McNally BF, Crouch AJ, Sasson C. Practice variability among the EMS systems participating in Cardiac Arrest Registry to Enhance Survival (CARES). Resuscitation. 2012;83(1):76–80. doi:10.1016/j.resuscitation.2011.06.026.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kupas DF, Schenk E, Sholl JM, Kamin R. Characteristics of statewide protocols for emergency medical services in the United States. Prehosp Emerg Care. 201519(2):292–301. doi:10.3109/10903127.2014.964891.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Martin-Gill C, Brown KM, Cash RE, Haupt RM, Potts BT, Richards CT, Patterson PD. 2022 Systematic review of evidence-based guidelines for prehospital care. Prehosp Emerg Care. 2023;27(2):131–43. doi:10.1080/10903127.2022.2143603.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Taymour RK, Abir M, Chamberlin M, Dunne RB, Lowell M, Wahl K, Scott J. Policy, practice, and research agenda for emergency medical services oversight: a systematic review and environmental scan. Prehosp Disaster Med. 2018;3(1):89–97. doi:10.1017/S1049023X17007129.
   Google Scholar
• Myers JB, Slovis CM, Eckstein M, Goodloe JM, Isaacs SM, Loflin JR, Mechem CC, Richmond NJ, Pepe PE. Evidence-based performance measures for emergency medical services systems: a model for expanded EMS benchmarking. Prehosp Emerg Care. 2008;12(2):141–51. doi:10.1080/10903120801903793.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cummins RO, Chamberlain DA, Abramson NS, Allen M, Baskett PJ, Becker L, Bossaert L, Delooz HH, Dick WF, Eisenberg MS, et al. Recommended guidelines for uniform reporting of data from out-of-hospital cardiac arrest: the Utstein Style. A statement for health professionals from a task force of the American Heart Association, the European Resuscitation Council, the Heart and Stroke Foundation of Canada, and the Australian Resuscitation Council. Circulation. 1991;84(2):960–75. Augustdoi:10.1161/01.cir.84.2.960.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mann NC, Dean JM, Mobasher H, Mears G, Ely M. The use of national highway traffic safety administration uniform prehospital data elements in state emergency medical services data collection systems. Prehosp Emerg Care. 2004;8(1):29–33. doi:10.1080/312703002788.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Dunford J, Domeier RM, Blackwell T, Mears G, Overton J, Rivera-Rivera EJ, Swor R. Performance measurements in emergency medical services. Prehosp Emerg Care. 2002;6(1):92–8. doi:10.1080/10903120290938896.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Howard I, Cameron P, Wallis L, Castren M, Lindstrom V. Quality indicators for evaluating prehospital emergency care: a scoping review. Prehosp Disaster Med. 2018;33(1):43–52. doi:10.1017/S1049023X17007014.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• O'Connor RE, Slovis CM, Hunt RC, Pirrallo RG, Sayre MR. Eliminating errors in emergency medical services: realities and recommendations. Prehosp Emerg Care. 2002;6(1):107–13. doi:10.1080/10903120290938913.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Moore L. Measuring quality and effectiveness of prehospital EMS. Prehosp Emerg Care. 1999;3(4):325–31. doi:10.1080/10903129908958963.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• What is NEMSIS. NEMSIS. [accessed 2023 May 3]. Available from: https://nemsis.org/what-is-nemsis/.
   Google Scholar
• National EMS Quality Alliance: National EMS Quality Measure Set. [accessed 2022 Aug 15]. Available from: https://www.nemsqa.org/nemsqa-measures.
   Google Scholar
• US Department of Agriculture. Economic research service: urban influence codes. 2021.
   Google Scholar
• Redlener M, Olivieri P, Loo GT, Munjal K, Hilton MT, Potkin KT, Levy M, Rabrich J, Gunderson MR, Braithwaite SA, et al. National assessment of quality programs in emergency medical services. Prehosp Emerg Care. 2018;22(3):370–8. doi:10.1080/10903127.2017.1380094.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• R Core Team. R: A language and environment for statistical computing. Vienna (Austria): R Foundation for Statistical Computing; 2023. https://www.R-project.org/
   Google Scholar
• Kupas DF. Lights and Siren Use by Emergency Medical Services (EMS): above all do no harm. Washington (DC): National Highway Traffic Safety Administration Office of Emergency Medical Services; 2017.
   Google Scholar
• Jarvis JL, Hamilton V, Taigman M, Brown LH. Using red lights and sirens for emergency ambulance response: how often are potentially life-saving interventions performed? Prehosp Emerg Care. 2021;25(4):549–55. doi:10.1080/10903127.2020.1797963.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stopyra JP, Crowe RP, Snavely AC, Supples MW, Page N, Smith Z, Ashburn NP, Foley K, Miller CD, Mahler SA, et al. Prehospital time disparities for rural patients with suspected STEMI. Prehosp Emerg Care. 2023;27(4):488–95. doi:10.1080/10903127.2022.2061660.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Escobar N, DiMaggio C, Frangos SG, Winchell RJ, Bukur M, Klein MJ, Krowsoski L, Tandon M, Berry C. Disparity in transport of critically injured patients to trauma centers: analysis of the National emergency medical services information system (NEMSIS). J Am Coll Surg. 2022;235(1):78–85. doi:10.1097/XCS.0000000000000230.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ordoobadi AJ, Peters GA, Westfal ML, Kelleher CM, Chang DC. Disparity in prehospital scene time for geriatric trauma patients. Am J Surg. 2022;223(6):1200–5. doi:10.1016/j.amjsurg.2021.10.031.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar