Initiation of capnography in a rural ems system

References

• Anton WR, Gordon RW, Jordan TM, etal. A disposable end-tidal CO, detector to verify endotracheal intubation. Ann Emerg Med. 1991;20:271–5.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• O'Flaherty D, Adams AP. The end-tidal carbon dioxide detector. Assessment of a new method to distinguish oesophageal from tracheal intubation. Anaesthesia. 1990;45:653–5.
   Google Scholar
• Sanders KC, Clum WB III, Nguyen SS, et al. End-tidal carbon dioxide detection in emergency intubation in four groups of pa-tients. J Emerg Med. 1994;12:771–7.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Vaghadia H, Jenkins LC, Ford RW. Comparison of endtidal car-bon dioxide, oxygen saturation and clinical signs for the detec-tion of oesophageal intubation. Can J Anaesth. 1989;36:560–4.
   Google Scholar
• Gandhi SK, Munshi CA, Coon R. Capnography for detection of endobronchial migration of an endotracheal tube. J Clin Monit. 1991;7:35–38.
   Google Scholar
• Palmon SC, Liu M, Moore LE. Capnography facilitates tight con-trol of ventilation during transport. Crit Care Med. 1996;24: 608–11.
   Google Scholar
• Tobias JD, Lynch A, Garrett J. Alterations of endtidal carbon dioxide during the intrahospital transport of children. Pediatr Emerg Care. 1996;12:249–51.
   Google Scholar
• Bhende MS, Thompson AE. Utility of end-tidal carbon dioxide detector during stabilization and transport of critically ill chil-dren. Pediatrics. 1992;89:1042–4.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Bhende MS, Karr VA, Wiltsie DC, et al. Evaluation of portable in-frared end-tidal carbon dioxide monitor during pediatric inter-hospital transport. Pediatrics. 1995;95:875–9.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Higgins D, Forrest ET, Lloyd-Thomas A. Colorimetric end-tidal carbon dioxide monitoring during transfer of intubated chil-dren. Intensive Care Med. 1991;17(1):63–64.
   Google Scholar
• Runcie CI, Reeve W. Is portable capnometry useful during trans-port of critically ill? J Clin Monit. 1992;8:250.
   Google Scholar
• Hunt RC, Bryan DM, Brinkley S, et al. Inability to assess breath sounds during air medical transport by rotorcraft. JAMA. 1992; 265:1982–4.
   Google Scholar
• Brown LH, Gough JE, Bryan-Berg DM, et al. Assessment of breath sounds during ambulance transport. Ann Emerg Med. 1997;29:228–31.
   Google Scholar
• Falk JL, Rackow EC, Weil MH. End-tidal carbon dioxide con-centration during cardiopulmonary resuscitation. N Eng J Med. 1988;318:607–11.
   Google Scholar
• Garnett AR, Ornato JP, Gonzalez ER, et al. End-tidal carbon diox-ide monitoring during cardiopulmonary resuscitation. JAMA. 1987;257:512–5.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kern KB, Sanders AB, Raife J, et al. A study of chest compression rates during cardiopulmonary resuscitation in humans. The im-portance of rate-directed chest compressions. Arch Intern Med. 1992;152:145–9.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Trevino RP, Bisera J, Weil MH, et al. End-tidal CO, as a guide to successful cardiopulmonary resuscitation: a preliminary report. Crit Care Med. 1985;13:910–11.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Ward KR, Menegazzi, JJ, Zelenak RR, et al. A comparison of chest compressions between mechanical and manual CPR by monitoring end-tidal PCO, during human cardiac arrest. Ann Emerg Med. 1993;22:669–74.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gudipati CV, Weil MH, Biser J, et al. Expired carbon dioxide: a noninvasive monitor of cardiopulmonary resuscitation. Circula-tion. 1988;77:234–9.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Steedman DJ, Robertson CD. Measurement of end-tidal carbon dioxide concentration during cardiopulmonary resuscitation. Arch Emerg Med. 1990;7:129–34.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• White RD, Asplin BR. Out of hospital quantitative monitoring of end-tidal carbon dioxide pressure during CPR. Ann Emerg Med. 1994;23:25–30.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Bhende MS, Karasic DG, Menegazzi B. Evaluation of an end-tidal CO, detector during cardiopulmonary resuscitation in a canine model for pediatric cardiac arrest. Pediatr Emerg Care. 1995;11:365–8.
   Google Scholar
• Anton WR, Gordon RW, Jordan TM, et al. A disposable end-tidal CO, detector to verify endotracheal intubation. Ann Emerg Med. 1991;20:271–5.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Callaham M, Barton C. Prediction of outcome of cardiopul-monary resuscitation from end-tidal carbon dioxide concentra-tion. Crit Care Med. 1990;18:385–92.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Cantineau JP, Lambert Y, Merckx P. et al. End-tidal carbon diox-ide during cardiopulmonary resuscitation in humans presenting mostly with asystole: a predictor of outcome. Crit Care Med. 1996;24:791–6.
   Google Scholar
• Domsky M, Wilson RF, Heins F. Intraoperative end-tidal carbon dioxide values and derived calculations correlated with outcome: prognosis and capnography. Crit Care Med. 1995;23:1497–503.
   Google Scholar
• Sanders AB, Kern KY, Otto CW, et al. End-tidal carbon dioxide monitoring during cardiopulmonary resuscitation: a prognostic indicator for survival. JAMA. 1989;262:1347–51.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wayne MA, Levine RL, Miller CC. Use of end-tidal carbon diox-ide to predict outcome in prehospital cardiac arrest. Ann Emerg Med. 1995;25:762–7.
   Google Scholar
• Levine RL, Wayne MA, Miller CC. End-tidal carbon dioxide and outcome of out-of-hospital cardiac arrest. N Engl J Med. 1997; 337:301–6.
   Google Scholar
• Sanders AB. Capnometry in emergency medicine. Ann Emerg Med. 1989;18:1287.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Gazmuri RJ, Weil MH, Bisera J, et al. End-tidal carbon dioxide tension as a monitor of native blood flow during resuscitation by extracorporeal circulation. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 1991;101: 984–8.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Idris AH, Staples ED, O'Brien DJ. End-tidal carbon dioxide during extremely low cardiac output. Ann Emerg Med. 1994;23:568–72.
   Google Scholar
• Ornato JP, Garnett AF, Glauser FL. Relationship between cardiac output and the end-tidal carbon dioxide tension. Ann Emerg Med. 1990;19:1104–6.
   Google Scholar
• Abramo TJ, Wiebe RA, Scott SM, et al. Noninvasive capnometry in a pediatric population with respiratory emergencies. Pediatr Emerg Care. 1996;12:252–4.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Barton CW, Wang ES. Correlation of end-tidal CO, measure-ments to arterial PaCO, in nonintuba ted patients. Ann Emerg Med. 1994;23:560–3.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Weinger MB, Brimm JE. End-tidal carbon dioxide as a measure of arterial carbon dioxide during intermittent mandatory venti-lation. J Clin Monit. 1987;3(2):73–79.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Ornato JP, Shipley JB, Racht EM. Multicenter study of a portable, hand-size, colorimetric, end-tidal carbon dioxide detection de-vice. Ann Emerg Med. 1992;21:518–23.
   Google Scholar
• Goldberg JS, Rawle PR, Zehnder JL, et al. Colorimetric end-tidal carbon dioxide monitoring for tracheal intubation. Anesth Analg. 1990;70:191–4.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Higgins D, Forrest ET, Lloyd-Thomas A. Colorimetric end-tidal carbon dioxide monitoring during transfer of intubated chil-dren. Intensive Care Med. 1991; 17(1):63–4.
   Google Scholar
• MacLeod BA, Heller MB, Gerard J, et al. Verification of endotra-cheal tube placement with colorimetric end-tidal CO, detection. Ann Emerg Med. 1991;20:267–70.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rosenberg M, Block CS. A simple, disposable endtidal carbon dioxide detector. Anesth Prog. 1991;38(1):24–6.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Varon AJ, Morrina J, Civetta TM. Clinical utility of a colorimetric end-tidal CO, detector in cardiopulmonary resuscitation and emergency intubation. J Clin Monit. 1991;7:289–93.
   Google Scholar
• Vukmir RB, Heller MB, Stein KL. Confirmation of endotracheal tube placement: a miniaturized infrared qualitative CO, detec-tor. Ann Emerg Med. 1991;20:726–9.
   Google Scholar
• Bozeman WP, Hexter D, Liang HK, et al. Esophageal detector versus detection of end-tidal carbon dioxide level in emergency intubation. Ann Emerg Med. 1996;27:595–9.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cantineau JP, Merckx P, Lambert Y, et al. Effect of epinephrine on endtidal carbon dioxide pressure during prehospital car-diopulmonary resuscitation. Am J Emerg Med. 1994;12:267–70.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Yaron M, Padyk P. Hutsinpiller M. Utility of the expiratory capnogram in the assessment of bronchospasm. Ann Emerg Med. 1996;28:403–7.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Smelt WL, de Lange II, Baerts WD, et al. The capnograph, a reli-able noninvasive monitor for the detection of pulmonary em-bolism of various origin. Acta Anaesthesiol Belg. 1987;18:217–24.
   Google Scholar
• Product reference material. Novametrix Medical Systems, Inc., 1 Barnes Industrial Park Road, P.O. Box 690, Wallingford, CT 0649 2.
   Google Scholar
• Oberg B, Waldau T, Larsen VH. The effect of nasal oxygen flow and catheter position on the accuracy of end-tidal carbon diox-ide measurements by a pharyngeal catheter in unintubated, spontaneously breathing subjects. Anaesthesia. 1995;50:695–8
   Google Scholar
• Ginsburg WH. When does a guideline become a standard? The new American Society of Anesthesiologist guidelines give us a clue. Ann Emerg Med. 1993;22:12.
   Google Scholar
• Welch R. CO, monitoring: the quest to verify tube placement. J Emerg Med Serv. 1996;21(3):95–100.
   Google Scholar
• Product reference material. Protocol Systems, Inc., 8500 SW Creekside Place, Beaverton, OR 97008–7107.
   Google Scholar