The Status of Freud's Legacy on Emotional Processing: Contemporary Revisions

REFERENCES

• Aldwin , C. M. and Revenson , T. A. 1987 . Does coping help? A reexamination of the relation between coping and mental health. . Journal of Personality and Social Psychology , 53 : 337 – 348 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Austenfeld , J. L. and Stanton , A. L. 2004 . Coping through emotional approach: A new look at emotion, coping, and health-related outcomes. . Journal of Personality , 72 : 1335 – 1363 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Barefoot , J. C. , Dahlstrom , W. G. and Williams , R. B. 1983 . Hostility, CHD incidence, and total mortality: A 25-year follow-up study of 255 physicians. . Psychosomatic Medicine , 45 : 59 – 63 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Barefoot , J. C. , Dodge , K. A. , Peterson , B. L. , Dahlstrom , W. G. and Williams , R. B. 1989 . The Cook-Medley hostility scale: Item content and ability to predict survival. . Psychosomatic Medicine , 51 : 46 – 57 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Barger , S. D. , Marsland , A. L. , Bachen , E. A. and Manuck , S. B. 2000 . Repressive coping and blood measures of disease risk: Lipids and endocrine and immunological responses to a laboratory stressor. . Journal of Applied Social Psychology , 30 : 1619 – 1638 .
   Google Scholar
• Baumeister , R. F. , Bratslavsky , E. , Muraven , M. and Tice , D. M. 1998 . Ego depletion: Is the active self a limited resource? . Journal of Personality and Social Psychology , 74 : 1252
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bisson , J. , Jenkins , P. L. , Alexander , J. and Bannister , C. 1997 . Randomized controlled trial of psychological debriefing for victims of burn trauma. . British Journal of Psychiatry , 171 : 78 – 81 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Boden , J. M. and Baumeister , R. F. 1997 . Repressive coping: Distraction using pleasant thoughts and memories. . Journal of Personality and Social Psychology , 73 : 45 – 62 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bonanno , G. A. 2004 . Loss, trauma, and human resilience: Have we underestimated the human capacity to thrive after extremely aversive events? . American Psychologist , 59 : 20 – 28 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bonanno , G. A. 2005 . Resilience in the face of potential trauma. . Current Directions in Psychological Science , 14 : 135 – 138 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bonanno , G. A. and Field , N. P. 2001 . Examining the delayed grief hypothesis across five years of bereavement. . American Behavioral Scientist , 44 : 798 – 806 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bonanno , G. A. and Kaltman , S. 1999 . Toward an integrative perspective on bereavement. . Psychological Bulletin , 125 : 760 – 776 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bonanno , G. A. and Keltner , D. 1997 . Facial expressions of emotion and the course of conjugal bereavement. . Journal of Abnormal Psychology , 106 : 126 – 137 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bonanno , G. A. , Keltner , D. , Holen , A. and Horowitz , M. J. 1995 . When avoiding unpleasant emotions might not be such a bad thing: Verbal-autonomic response dissociation and midlife conjugal bereavement. . Journal of Personality and Social Psychology , 69 : 975 – 989 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bonanno , G. A. , Noll , J. G. , Putnam , F. W. , O'Neill , M. and Trickett , P. K. 2003 . Predicting the willingness to disclose childhood sexual abuse from measures of repressive coping and dissociative tendencies. . Child Maltreatment , 8 : 302 – 318 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Bonanno , G. A. , Znoj , H. J. , Siddique , H. and Horowitz , M. J. 1999 . Verbal-autonomic response dissociation and adaptation to midlife conjugal loss: A follow-up at 25 months. . Cognitive Therapy and Research , 23 : 605 – 624 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bower , B. 1994 . Child sexual abuse: Sensory recall etc and treating survivors. . Science News , 145 : 365
   Google Scholar
• Broomfield , N. M. and Turpin , G. 2005 . Covert and overt attention in trait anxiety: A cognitive psychophysiological analysis. . Biological Psychology , 68 : 179 – 200 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Brown , L. L. , Tomarken , A. J. , Orth , D. N. , Loosen , P. T. and Davidson , R. J. 1996 . Individual differences in repressive-defensiveness predict basal salivary cortisol levels. . Journal of Personality and Social Psychology , 70 : 362 – 371 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bushman , B. J. 2002 . Does venting anger feed or extinguish the flame? Catharsis, rumination, distraction, anger, and aggressive responding. . Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin , 28 : 724 – 731 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bushman , B. J. , Baumeister , R. F. and Stack , A. D. 1999 . Catharsis, aggression, and persuasive influence: Self-fulfilling or self-defeating prophecies? . Journal of Personality and Social Psychology , 76 : 367 – 376 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bushman , B. J. , Bonacci , A. M. , Pedersen , W. C. , Vasquez , E. A. and Miller , N. 2005 . Chewing on it can chew you up: Effects of rumination on triggered displaced aggression. . Journal of Personality and Social Psychology , 88 : 969 – 983 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Classen , C. , Koopman , C. , Neville-Manning , K. and Spiegel , D. 2001 . A preliminary report comparing trauma-focused and present-focused group therapy against a wait-list condition among childhood sexual abuse survivors with PTSD. . Journal of Aggression, Maltreatment, & Trauma , 4 : 265 – 288 .
   Google Scholar
• Coifman , K. G. , Bonanno , G. A. , Ray , R. D. and Gross , J. J. 2007 . Does repressive coping promote resilience? Affective-autonomic response discrepancy during bereavement. . Journal of Personality and Social Psychology , 92 : 745 – 758 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cole , S. , Kemeny , M. and Taylor , S. 1997 . Social identity and physical health: accelerated HIV progression in rejection-sensitive gay man. . Journal of Personality and Social Psychology , 72 : 320 – 335 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Consedine , N. S. , Magai , C. and Bonanno , G. A. 2002 . Moderators of the emotion inhibition-health relationship: A review and research agenda. . Review of General Psychology , 6 : 204 – 228 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cutler , S. E. , Larsen , R. J. and Bunce , S. C. 1996 . Repressive coping style and the experience and recall of emotion: A naturalistic study of daily affect. . Journal of Personality , 64 : 379 – 405 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Denollet , J. 2005 . DS14: Standard assessment of negative affectivity, social inhibition, and Type D personality. . Psychosomatic Medicine , 67 : 89 – 97 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Denolett , J. , Pedersen , S. S. , Vrints , C. J. and Conraads , V. M. 2006 . Usefulness of Type D personality in predicting five-year cardiac events above and beyond concurrent symptoms of stress in patients with coronary heart disease. . American Journal of Cardiology , 97 : 970 – 973 .
   Google Scholar
• Derakshan , N. and Eysenck , M. W. 1998 . Working memory capacity in high trait-anxious and repressor groups. . Cognition & Emotion , 12 : 697 – 713 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Devilly , G. J. , Gist , R. and Cotton , P. 2006 . Ready! Fire! Aim! The status of psychological debriefing and therapeutic interventions: In the work place and after disasters. . Review of General Psychology , 10 : 318 – 345 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ebbesen , E. B. , Duncan , B. and Konecni , V. J. 1975 . Effects of content of verbal aggression on future verbal aggression: A field experiment. . Journal of Experimental Social Psychology , 11 : 192 – 204 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Erdelyi , M. H. 2006 . The unified theory of repression. . Behavioral and Brain Sciences , 29 : 499 – 551 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Freud , S. 1895 . Studies on hysteria , vol II. , London : Hogarth Press . (standard ed.)
   Google Scholar
• Freud , S. 1910 . Five lectures on psycho-analysis , vol XI , London : Hogarth Press . (standard ed.)
   Google Scholar
• Friedman , M. J. , Hamblen , J. L. , Foa , E. B. and Charney , D. S. 2004 . Fighting the psychological war on terrorism. . Psychiatry , 67 : 123 – 136 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Giese-Davis , J. , Sephton , S. S. , Abercrombie , H. C. , Duraán , R. E. F. and Spiegel , D. 2004 . Repression and high anxiety are associated with aberrant diurnal cortisol rhythms in women with metastatic breast cancer. . Health Psychology , 23 : 645 – 650 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Giese-Davis , J. and Spiegel , D. 2001 . Suppression, repressive-defensiveness, restraint, and distress in metastatic breast cancer: Separable or inseparable constructs? . Journal of Personality , 69 : 417 – 449 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ginzburg , K. , Solomon and Bleich , A. 2002 . Repressive coping style, acute stress disorder, and posttraumatic stress disorder after myocardial infarction. . Psychosomatic Medicine , 64 : 748 – 757 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Green , R. A. and Murray , E. J. 1975 . Expression of feeling and cognitive reinterpretation in the reduction of hostile aggression. . Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology , 43 : 375 – 387 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gross , J. J. 1998 . Antecedent- and response-focused emotion regulation: Divergent consequences for experience, expression, and physiology . Journal of Personality and Social Psychology , 74 : 224 – 237 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gross , J. J. and John , O. P. 2003 . Individual differences in two emotion regulation processes: Implications for affect, relationships, and well-being. . Journal of Personality and Social Psychology , 85 : 348 – 362 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gross , J. J. and Levenson , R. W. 1993 . Emotional suppression: Physiology, self-report, and expressive behavior. . Journal of Personality and Social Psychology , 64 : 970 – 986 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gross , J. J. and Levenson , R. W. 1997 . Hiding feelings: The acute effects of inhibiting negative and positive emotion. . Journal of Abnormal Psychology , 106 : 95 – 103 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hajcak , G. , Moser , J. S. and Simons , R. F. 2006 . Attending to affect: Appraisal strategies modulate the electrocortical response to arousing pictures. . Emotion , 6 : 517 – 522 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hansen , R. D. and Hansen , C. H. 1988 . Repression of emotionally tagged memories; the architecture of less complex emotions. . Journal of Personality and Social Psychology , 55 : 811 – 818 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hariri , A. R. , Mattay , V. S. , Tessitore , A. , Fera , F. and Weinberger , D. R. 2003 . Neocortical modulation of the amygdala response to fearful stimuli. . Biological Psychiatry , 53 : 494 – 501 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hughes , P. , Turton , P. , Hopper , E. and Evans , C. D. H. 2002 . Assessment of guidelines for good practice in psychosocial care of mothers after stillbirth: A cohort study. . Lancet , 360 : 114 – 118 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• John , O. P. and Gross , J. P. 2004 . Healthy and unhealthy emotion regulation: Personality processes, individual differences, and life span development. . Journal of Personality , 72 : 1301 – 1333 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Keinan , G. , Ben-zur , H. , Zilka , M. and Carel , R. S. 1992 . Anger in or out, which is healthier? An attempt to reconcile inconsistent findings. . Psychology and Health , 7 : 83 – 98 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Keltner , D. and Bonanno , G. A. 1997 . A study of laughter and dissociation: Distinct correlates of laughter and smiling during bereavement. . Journal of Personality and Social Psychology , 73 : 687 – 702 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• King , A. C. , Taylor , C. B. , Albright , C. A. and Haskell , W. L. 1990 . The relationship between repressive coping styles and blood pressure responses in healthy, middle-aged mean and women. . Journal of Psychosomatic Research , 34 : 461 – 471 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kramer , D. L. and Hastrup , J. L. 1988 . Crying in adults: Self-control and autonomic correlates. . Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology , 6 : 53 – 68 .
   Google Scholar
• Langston , C. A. 1994 . Capitalizing on and coping with daily-life events: Expressive responses to positive events. . Journal of Personality and Social Psychology , 67 : 1112 – 1125 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lazarus , R. S. 1991 . Emotion and adaptation. , New York : Oxford University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Littrell , J. , Diwan , S. and Bryant , C. J. 1996 . Negotiating advance directives for persons with AIDS. . Social Work in Health Care , 23 : 43 – 65 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mallick , S. K. and McCandless , B. R. 1966 . A study of catharsis of aggression. . Journal of Personality and Social Psychology , 4 : 113 – 121 .
   Google Scholar
• Mancini , A. D. and Bonanno , G. A. 2006 . Resilience in the face of potential trauma: Clinical practices and illustrations. . Journal of Clinical Psychology , 62 : 971 – 985 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mayou , R. A. , Ehlers , A. and Hobbs , M. 2000 . Psychological debriefing for road traffic accident victims. . British Journal of Psychiatry , 176 : 589 – 593 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McKenna , M. C. , Zevon , M. A. , Corn , B. and Rounds , J. 1999 . Psychosocial factors and the development of breast cancer: A meta-analysis. . Health Psychology , 18 : 520 – 531 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McNally , R. J. , Bryant , R. W. and Ehlers , A. 2003 . Does early psychological intervention promote recovery from posttraumatic stress? . Psychological Science in the Public Interest , 4 : 45 – 72 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Mendolia , M. 2002 . An index of self-regulation of emotion and the study of repression in social contexts that threaten or do not threaten self-concept. . Emotion , 2 : 215 – 232 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Muraven , M. , Tice , D. M. and Baumeister , R. F. 1998 . Self-control as a limited resource: Regulatory depletion patterns. . Journal of Personality and Social Psychology , 74 : 774 – 789 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Neimeyer , R. A. 2000 . Searching for the meaning of meaning: Grief therapy and the process of reconstruction. . Death Studies , 24 : 541 – 558 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nolen-Hoeksema , S. 1991 . Responses to depression and their effects on the duration of depressive episodes. . Journal of Abnormal Psychology , 100 : 569 – 582 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nolen-Hoeksema , S. 1990 . Sex differences in depression. , Stanford, CA : Stanford University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Nolen-Hoeksema , S. 2001 . Gender differences in depression. . Current Directions in Psychological Science , 10 : 173 – 176 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nolen-Hoeksema , S. , McBride , A. and Larson , J. 1997 . Rumination and psychological distress among bereaved partners. . Journal of Personality and Social Psychology , 72 : 19 – 43 .
   Google Scholar
• Nolen-Hoeksema , S. and Morrow , J. 1991 . A prospective study of depression and posttraumatic stress symptoms after a natural disaster: The 1989 Loma Prieta earthquake. . Journal of Personality and Social Psychology , 61 : 115 – 121 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nolen-Hoeksema , S. , Parker , L. E. and Larson , J. 1994 . Ruminative coping with depressed mood following loss. . Journal of Personality and Social Psychology , 67 : 92 – 104 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pedersen , S. S. and Denollet , J. 2004 . Validity of the Type D personality construct in Danish post-MI patients and healthy controls. . Journal of Psychosomatic Research , 57 : 265 – 272 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pennebaker , J. W. and O'Heeron , R. C. 1984 . Confiding in others and illness rates among spouses of suicide and accident-death victims. . Journal of Abnormal Psychology , 93 : 473 – 476 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pennebaker , J. W. and Susman , J. R. 1988 . Disclosure of traumas and psychosomatic processes. . Social Science Medicine , 26 : 327 – 332 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Reed , G. , Kemeny , M. , Taylor , S. , Wang , H. and Visscher , B. 1994 . Realistic acceptance as a predictor of decreased survival time in gay men with AIDS. . Health Psychology , 13 : 299 – 307 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Richards , J. M. 2004 . The cognitive consequences of concealing feelings. . Current Directions in Psychological Science , 13 : 131 – 134 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rohde , P. , Lewinsohn , P. M. , Tilson , M. and Seeley , J. R. 1990 . Dimensionality of coping and its relation to depression. . Journal of Personality and Social Psychology , 58 : 499 – 511 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rusting , C. L. and Nolen-Hoeksema , S. 1998 . Regulating responses to anger: Effects of rumination and distraction on angry mood. . Journal of Personality and Social Psychology , 74 : 790 – 803 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sherman , B. F. , Bonanno , G. A. , Wiener , L. S. and Battles , H. B. 2000 . When children tell their friends they have AIDS: Possible consequences for psychological well-being and disease progression. . Psychosomatic Medicine , 62 : 238 – 247 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shiota , M. N. 2006 . Silver linings and candles in the dark: Differences among positive coping strategies in predicting subjective well-being. . Emotion , 6 : 355 – 339 .
   Google Scholar
• Siemer , M. , Mauss , I. and Gross , J. J. 2007 . Same situation—different emotions: How appraisals shape our emotions. . Emotion , 7 : 592 – 600 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Speilberger , C. D. 1999 . STAXI-2: State-trait anger expression inventory-2. , Lutz, FL : Psychological Assessment Resources, Inc .
   Google Scholar
• Stanton , A. L. , Danoff-Burg , S. , Cameron , C. L. , Bishop , M. , Collins , C. A. Kirk , S. B. 2000 . Emotionally expressive coping predicts psychological and physical adjustment to breast cancer. . Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology , 68 : 875 – 882 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Strachan , E. D. , Bennett , W. R. , M., Russo , J. and Roy-Byrne , P. P. 2007 . Disclosure of HIV status and sexual orientation independently predicts increased absolute CD4 cell counts over time for psychiatric patients. . Psychosomatic Medicine , 69 : 74 – 80 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stone , A. A. , Kennedy-Moore , E. and Neale , J. M. 1995 . Association between daily coping and end-of-day mood. . Health Psychology , 14 : 342 – 349 .
   Google Scholar
• Tamir , M. , John , O. P. , Srivastava , S. and Gross , J. J. 2007 . Implicit theories of emotion: Affective and social outcomes across a major life transition. . Journal of Personality and Social Psychology , 92 : 731 – 744 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Taylor , S. E. and Brown , J. D. 1988 . Adjustment to threatening events: A theory of cognitive adaptation. . American Psychologist , 38 : 1161 – 1173 .
   Google Scholar
• Taylor , S. E. , Kemeny , M. E. , Aspinwall , L. G. , Schneider , S. G. , Rodriguez , R. and Herbert , M. 1992 . Optimism, coping, psychological distress, and high-risk sexual behavior among men at risk for Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS). . Journal of Personality and Social Psychology , 63 : 460 – 473 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Taylor , S. E. , Kemeny , M. E. , Bower , J. E. , Gruenewald , T. L. and Reed , G. M. 2000 . Psychological resources, positive illusions, and health. . American Psychologist , 55 : 99 – 109 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Teasdale , J. D. and Fennell , M. J. V. 1982 . Immediate effects of depression of cognitive therapy interventions. . Cognitive Therapy and Research , 6 : 343 – 352 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Temoshok , L. 1987 . Personality, coping style, emotion and cancer: Towards an integrative model. . Cancer Survival , 6 : 545 – 567 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Tesser , A. , Leone , C. and Clary , E. G. 1978 . Affect control: Process constraints versus catharsis. . Cognitive Therapy and Research , 2 : 265 – 274 .
   Google Scholar
• Tomaka , J. , Blascovich , J. , Kelsey , R. M. and Leitten , C. L. 1993 . Subjective, physiological, and behavioral effects of threat and challenge appraisal. . Journal of Personality and Social Psychology , 65 : 367 – 380 .
   Google Scholar
• Tomaka , J. , Blascovich , J. , Kibler , J. and Ernst , J. M. 1997 . Cognitive and physiological antecedents of threat and challenge appraisal. . Journal of Personality and Social Psychology , 73 : 63 – 72 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ulrich , P. , Lutgendorf , S. and Stapleton , J. 2003 . Concealment of homosexual identity, social support, and CD4 cell count among HIV-seropositive gay men. . Journal of Psychosomatic Research , 54 : 205 – 212 .
   Google Scholar
• Wegner , D. M. 1994 . Ironic process of mental control. . Psychological Review , 101 : 34 – 51 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Weihs , K. L. , Enright , T. M. , Simmens , S. J. and Reiss , D. 2000 . Negative affectivity, restriction of emotions, and site of metastases predict mortality in recurrent breast cancer. . Journal of Psychosomatic Research , 49 : 59 – 68 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Weinberger , D. A. and Davidson , M. N. 1994 . Styles of inhibiting emotional expression: Distinguishing repressive coping from impression management. . Journal of Personality , 62 : 587 – 613 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wirtz , P. H. , von Kaänel , R. , Emini , L. , Suter , T. , Fontana , A. and Ehlert , U. 2007 . Variations in anticipatory cognitive stress appraisal and differential proinflammatory cytokine expression in response to acute stress. . Brain, Behavior, and Immunity , 21 : 851 – 859 .
   Google Scholar
• Yalom , I. . Outpatient group psychotherapy. . Presentation at the Evolution of Psychotherapy Congress in Hamburg . Germany
   Google Scholar