Grandparents Raising Grandchildren: Perceived Neighborhood Risk as a Predictor of Emotional Well-Being

REFERENCES

• Achenbach , T. M. 1991 . Manual for the child behavior checklist: 4–18 and 1991 profileM Burlington, VT : University of Vermont Department of Psychiatry .
   Google Scholar
• Achenbach , T. M. 1992 . Manual for the child behavior checklist/2–3 and 1992 profile Burlington, VT : University of Vermont Department of Psychiatry .
   Google Scholar
• Aneshensel , C. S. and Sucoff , C. A. 1996 . The neighborhood context of adolescent mental health. . Journal of Health and Social Behavior , 37 ( December ) : 293 – 310 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Besharov , D. J. 1989 . The children of crack: Will we protect them? . Public Welfare, Fall , : 6 – 11 .
   Google Scholar
• Braithwaite , V. 1992 . Caregiving burden. . Research on Aging , 14 ( 1 ) : 3 – 27 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bronfenbrenner , U. 1979 . The ecology of human development: Experiments by nature and design Cambridge, MA : Harvard University Press. .
   Google Scholar
• Burnette , D. 1997 . Grandparents raising grandchildren in the inner city . Families in Society, September , : 489 – 499 .
   Google Scholar
• Burnette , D. 1999a . Physical and emotional well-being of custodial grandparents in Latino families. . American Journal of Orthopsychiatry , 69 ( 3 ) : 305 – 318 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Burnette , D. 1999b . Social relationships of Latino grandparent caregivers: A role theory perspective. . The Gerontologist , 39 ( 1 ) : 49 – 58 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Burton , L. M. 1992 . Black grandparents rearing children of drug-addicted parents: Stressors, outcomes, and social service needs. . The Gerontologist , 32 ( 6 ) : 744 – 751 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Caliandro , G. and Hughes , C. 1998 . The experience of being a grandmother who is the primary caregiver for her HIV-positive grandchild. . Nursing Research , 47 ( 2 ) : 107 – 113 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cherlin , A. J. 2007 . Public and private families, , 5th ed. New York : McGraw-Hill .
   Google Scholar
• Child and Family Services Improvement Act . 2006 . Public Law 109 – 288 .
   Google Scholar
• Corcoran , K. and Fischer , J. 2000 . Measures for clinical practice, , 3rd ed. Vol. 2 , 327 – 328 . New York : Free Press. .
   Google Scholar
• Cutrona , C. E. , Russell , D. W. , Hessling , R. M. , Brown , P. A. and Murry , V. 2000 . Direct and moderating effects of community context on the psychological well-being of African-American women. . Journal of Personality and Social Psychology , 79 ( 8 ) : 1088 – 1101 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dowd , K. , Kinsey , S. , Wheeless , S. , Thissen , R. , Richardson , J. Mierzwa , F. 2003 . National survey of child and adolescent well-being: General file user's manual Ithaca, NY : National Data Archive on Child Abuse and Neglect . (August release)
   Google Scholar
• Dowdell , E. B. 1995 . Caregiver burden: Grandmothers raising their high risk grandchildren. . Journal of Psychosocial Nursing , 33 : 27 – 30 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Dressel , P. L. and Barnhill , S. K. 1994 . Reframing gerontological thought and practice: The case of grandmothers with daughters in prison. . The Gerontologist , 34 ( 5 ) : 585 – 591 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Emick , M. A. and Hayslip , B. 1999 . Custodial grandparenting: Stresses, coping skills, and relationships with grandchildren. . International Journal of Aging and Human Development , 48 ( 1 ) : 35 – 61 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Force , L. T. , Botsford , A. , Pisano , P. A. and Holbert , A. 2000 . Grandparents raising grandchildren with and without a developmental disability: Preliminary comparisons. . Journal of Gerontological Social Work , 33 ( 4 ) : 5 – 21 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fuller-Thomson , E. and Minkler , M. 2003 . Housing issues and realities facing grandparent caregivers who are renters. . The Gerontologist , 43 ( 1 ) : 92 – 98 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Germain , C. B. 1991 . Human behavior in the social environment: An ecological view New York : Columbia University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Giarrusso , R. , Feng , D. , Wang , Q. and Silverstein , M. 1996 . Parenting and co-parenting of grandchildren: Effects on grandparents' well-being and family solidarity. . International Journal of Sociology and Social Policy , 16 ( 12 ) : 124 – 155 .
   Google Scholar
• Goodman , C. and Silverstein , M. 2002 . Grandmothers raising grandchildren: Family structure and well-being in culturally diverse families. . The Gerontologist , 42 ( 5 ) : 676 – 689 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Grad , J. and Sainsbury , P. 1963 . Mental illness and the family . The Lancet , : 544 – 547 . (March)
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hayslip , B. and Goldenberg-Glen , R. 2000 . Grandparents raising grandchildren: Theoretical, empirical, and clinical perspectives New York : Springer Publishing. .
   Google Scholar
• Jendrek , M. P. 1994 . Grandparents who parent their grandchildren: Circumstances and decisions. . The Gerontologist , 34 ( 2 ) : 206 – 216 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Joslin , D. and Brouard , A. 1995 . The prevalence of grandmothers as primary caregivers in a poor pediatric population. . Journal of Community Health , 20 ( 5 ) : 383 – 401 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kagee , A. 2001 . “ Review of the SF-36 Health Survey ” . In Burros Mental Measurements Yearbook, No. 14 [On-line] In. Available: Ascension No. 14091918
   Google Scholar
• Karls , J. M. and Wandrei , K. E. 1995 . “ Person-in-environment. ” . In Encyclopedia of social work, , 19th ed. Edited by: Edwards , R. L. Vol. 3 , 1818 – 1827 . Washington, DC : National Association of Social Workers Press .
   Google Scholar
• Kelley , S. 1993 . Caregiver stress in grandparents raising grandchildren. . IMAGE: Journal of Nursing Scholarship , 25 ( 4 ) : 331 – 337 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Kelley , S. J. , Whitley , D. , Sipe , T. A. and Yorker , B. C. 2000 . Psychological distress in grandmother kinship care providers: The role of resources, social support, and physical health. . Child Abuse & Neglect , 24 ( 3 ) : 311 – 321 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kopera-Frye , K. , Wiscott , R. C. and Begovic , A. 2003 . “ Lessons learned from custodial grandparents involved in a community support group. ” . In Working with custodial grandparents Edited by: Hayslip , B. and Patrick , J. H. 243 – 256 . New York : Springer Publishing. .
   Google Scholar
• Koppelman , J. and Jones , J. M. 1989 . Crack: It's destroying fragile low-income families . Public Welfare , : 13 – 15 . Fall
   Google Scholar
• LaGrange , R. L. and Ferraro , K. F. 1992 . Perceived risk and fear of crime: Role of social and physical incivilities. . Journal of Research in Crime and Delinquency , 29 ( 3 ) : 311 – 334 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Latkin , C. A. and Curry , A. D. 2003 . Stressful neighborhoods and depression: A prospective study of the impact of neighborhood disorder. . Journal of Health and Social Behavior , 44 ( March ) : 34 – 44 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lawton , M. P. , Kleban , M. H. , Moss , M. , Rovine , M. and Glicksman , A. 1989 . Measuring caregiver appraisal. . Journal of Gerontology: Psychological Sciences , 44 ( 3 ) : P61 – P71 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Lazarus , R. S. 1966 . Psychological stress and the coping process New York : McGraw-Hill. .
   Google Scholar
• Lazarus , R. S. and Folkman , S. 1984 . Stress, appraisal, and coping New York : Springer Publishing Company. .
   Google Scholar
• Lewis , D. A. and Maxfield , M. G. 1980 . Fear in the neighborhoods: An investigation of the impact of crime. . Journal of Research in Crime & Delinquency , 17 ( 2 ) : 160 – 189 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Massey , D. S. 1996 . The age of extremes: Concentrated affluence and poverty in the twenty-first century. . Demography , 33 ( 4 ) : 395 – 412 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Minkler , M. and Roe , K. M. 1993 . Grandmothers as caregivers: Raising children of the crack cocaine epidemic Newbury Park, CA : Sage .
   Google Scholar
• Minkler , M. , Fuller-Thomson , E. , Miller , D. and Driver , D. 1997 . Depression in grandparents raising grandchildren. . Archives of Family Medicine , 6 : 445 – 452 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Mirowsky , J. and Ross , C. E. 2003 . Social causes of psychological distress, , 2nd ed. Hawthorne, NY : Aldine de Gruyter .
   Google Scholar
• Musto , D. F. 1989 . America's first cocaine epidemic. . Wilson Quarterly , 13 ( 3 ) : 59 – 64 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism. 2000 . Tenth Special Report to the U. S. Congress on Alcohol and Health Washington, DC : U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service, NIAAA. .
   Google Scholar
• Pearlin , L. I. , Mullan , J. T. , Semple , S. J. and Skaff , M. M. 1990 . Caregiving and the stress process: Overview of concepts and their measures. . The Gerontologist , 30 ( 5 ) : 583 – 593 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Perkins , D. D. and Taylor , R. B. 1996 . Ecological assessments of community disorder: Their relationship to fear of crime and theoretical implications. . American Journal of Community Psychology , 24 ( 1 ) : 63 – 107 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Piper , A. I. and Langer , E. J. 1986 . “ Aging and mindful control. ” . In The psychology of control and aging Edited by: Baltes , M. M. and Baltes , P. B. 71 – 89 . Hillsdale, NJ : Lawrence Erlbaum Associates .
   Google Scholar
• Pruchno , R. A. and McKenney , D. 2002 . Psychological well-being of black and white grandmothers raising grandchildren: Examination of a two-factor model . Journal of Gerontology: Psychological Sciences , 57B ( 5 ) : P444 – P452 .
   Google Scholar
• Ross , C. E. and Mirowsky , J. 1999 . Disorder and decay: The concept and measurement of perceived neighborhood disorder. . Urban Affairs Review , 34 ( 3 ) : 412 – 432 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ross , C. E. 2000 . Neighborhood disadvantage and adult depression. . Journal of Health and Social Behavior , 41 : 177 – 187 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sampson , R. J. and Groves , W. B. 1989 . Community structure and crime: Testing social-disorganization theory . American Journal of Sociology , 94 ( 4 ) : 774 – 802 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sampson , R. J. , Raudenbush , S. W. and Earls , F. 1997 . Neighborhoods and violent crime: A multilevel study of collective efficacy. . Science , 277 : 918 – 924 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sands , R. G. and Goldberg-Glen , R. S. 2000 . Factors associated with stress among grandparents raising their grandchildren. . Family Relations , 49 : 97 – 105 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Scannapieco , M. 1999 . “ Formal kinship care practice models. ” . In Kinship foster care: Policy, practice, and research Edited by: Hegar , R. L. and Scannapieco , M. 71 – 83 . New York : Oxford University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Simmons , T and Dye , J. L. 2003 . Grandparents living withgrandchildren: 2000 (ReportNo. C2KBR-31) Washington, DC : U.S. Census Bureau .
   Google Scholar
• Skinner , E. A. 1996 . A guide to constructs of control. . Journal of Personality and Social Psychology , 71 : 549 – 570 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Skogan , W. G. 1990 . Disorder and decline: Crime and the spiral decay in American neighborhoods New York : The Free Press. .
   Google Scholar
• Smith , C. J. , Beltran , A. , Butts , D. M. and Kingson , E. R. 2001 . Grandparents raising grandchildren: Emerging program and policy issues for the 21st century. . Journal of Gerontological Social Work , 35 ( 1 ) : 33 – 45 .
   Google Scholar
• StataCorp. 2003 . Stata statistical software: Release 8.0 College Station, TX : Stata Corporation .
   Google Scholar
• Stewart , A. L. , Ware , J. E. , Sherbourne , C. D. and Wells , K. B. 1992 . “ Psychological distress/well-being and cognitive functioning measures. ” . In Measuring functioning and well-being: The medical outcomes study approach Edited by: Stewart , A. L. and Ware , J. E. 102 – 142 . Durham, NC : Duke University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Stiffman , A. R. , Hadley-Ives , E. , Elze , D. , Johnson , S. and Dore , P. 1999 . Impact of environment on adolescent mental health and behavior: Structural equation modeling. . American Journal of Orthopsychiatry , 69 ( 1 ) : 73 – 86 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Strawbridge , W. J. , Wallhagen , M. I. , Shema , S. J. and Kaplan , G. A. 1997 . New burdens or more of the same? Comparing grandparent, spouse, and adult-child caregivers. . The Gerontologist , 37 ( 4 ) : 505 – 510 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Szinovacz , M. E. 1998a . Handbook on grandparenthood Westport, CT : Greenwood Press .
   Google Scholar
• Szinovacz , M. E. 1998b . Grandparents today: A demographic profile. . The Gerontologist , 38 : 37 – 52 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Szinovacz , M. E. , Deviney , S. and Atkinson , M. P. 1999 . Effects of surrogate parenting on grandparents' well-being . Journal of Gerontology: Social Sciences , 54B ( 6 ) : S376 – S388 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Taylor , R. B. and Shumaker , S. A. 1990 . Local crime as a natural hazard: Implications for understanding the relationship between disorder and fear of crime. . American Journal of Community Psychology , 18 ( 5 ) : 619 – 641 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• U.S. Census. 2005 . 2005 American Community Survey: Grandparents Report No. S1002 Retrieved March 24, 2007, from http://factfinder.census.gov/servlet/STTable?_bm=y&-geo_id=01000US&-qr_name=ACS_2005_EST_G00_S1002&-ds_name=ACS_2005_EST_G00_
   Google Scholar
• U.S. Census. 2006 . Grandchildren under age 18 living in the home of their grandparents: 1970 to present Retrieved March 24, 2007, from http://www.census.gov/population/socdemo/hh-fam/ch7.pdf
   Google Scholar
• U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Administration on Children, Youth and Families, Children's Bureau. 2000 . Report to the Congress on kinship foster care Washington, DC : U.S. Government Printing Office. .
   Google Scholar
• Waldfogel , J. 2000 . Child welfare research: How adequate are the data? . Children and Youth Services Review , 22 ( 9/10 ) : 705 – 741 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ware , J. E. , Kosinski , M. and Keller , S. D. 1994 . SF-36: Physical and mental health summary scales: A user's manual Boston : The Health Institute .
   Google Scholar
• Ware , J. E. , Kosinski , M. and Keller , S. D. 1995 . SF-12: How to score the SF-12 physical and mental health summary scales, , 2nd ed. Boston : The Health Institute, New England Medical Center .
   Google Scholar
• Ware , J. E. , Kosinski , M. and Keller . 1996 . A 12-item short-form health survey: Construction of scales and preliminary tests of reliability and validity. . Medical Care , 34 ( 3 ) : 220 – 233 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ware , J. E. , Kosinski , M. , Turner-Bowker , D. M. and Gandek , B. 2002 . How to score version 2 of the SF-12 Health Survey Lincoln, RI : QualityMetric Incorporated .
   Google Scholar
• Wilson , W. J. 1987 . The truly disadvantaged: The inner city, the underclass, and public policy Chicago : University of Chicago Press .
   Google Scholar
• Wohl , E. C. , Lahner , J. M. and Jooste , J. 2003 . “ Group processes among grandparents raising grandchildren. ” . In Working with custodial grandparents Edited by: Hayslip , B. and Patrick , J. H. 195 – 211 . New York : Springer Publishing. .
   Google Scholar
• Wright , L. K. , Clipp , E. C. and George , L. K. 1993 . Health consequences of caregiver stress. . Medicine, Exercise, Nutrition, and Health , 2 : 181 – 195 .
   Google Scholar
• Zarit , S. H. , Pearlin , L. I. and Schaie , K. W. 2003 . Personal control in social and life course contexts New York : Springer Publishing Company. .
   Google Scholar