The Structure of Empathy in Social Work Practice

REFERENCES

• Allen-Meares , P. and Burman , S. 1999 . Cross-cultural therapeutic relationships: Entering the world of African Americans . Journal of Social Work Practice , 13 ( 1 ) : 49 – 57 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ames , D. R. and Kammrath , L. K. 2004 . Mind-reading and metacognition: Narcissism, not actual competence, predicts self-estimated ability . Journal of Nonverbal Behavior , 28 ( 3 ) : 187 – 209 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Baron-Cohen , S. and Wheelwright , S. 2004 . The empathy quotient: An investigation of adults with Asperger's syndrome or high functioning autism, and normal sex differences . Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders , 34 ( 2 ) : 163 – 175 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Batson , D. C. , Batson , J. G. , Slingsby , J. K. , Harrell , K. L. , Peekna , H. M. and Todd , M. R. 1991 . Empathic joy and the empathy-altruism hypothesis . Journal of Personality and Social Psychology , 61 ( 3 ) : 413 – 426 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Benner , P. and Wrubel , J. 1989 . The primacy of caring: Stress and coping in health and illness Menlo Park, CA : Addison-Wesley Publishing. .
   Google Scholar
• Bierhoff , H. W. and Rohman , E. 2004 . Altruistic personality in the context of the empathy-altruism hypothesis . European Journal of Personality , 18 : 351 – 365 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Biestak , F. 1957 . The casework relationship Chicago, IL : Loyola University Press. .
   Google Scholar
• Blair , R. J. R. 2005 . Responding to the emotions of others: Dissociating forms of empathy through the study of typical and psychiatric populations . Consciousness and Cognition , 14 : 698 – 718 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Buckman , R. , Reese , A. and Kinney , D. 2001 . “ Narrative therapies. ” . In Theoretical perspectives for direct social work practice: A generalist-eclectic approach Edited by: Lehmann , P. and Coady , N. 279 – 302 . New York, NY : Springer. .
   Google Scholar
• Bulcke , G. M. 1994 . An exploration of factors that motivate career choice in social work among a sample of undergraduate social work students Windsor, Ontario : University of Windsor. .
   Google Scholar
• Carney , D. R. and Harrigan , J. I. 2003 . It takes one to know one: Interpersonal sensitivity is related to accurate assessments of others' interpersonal sensitivity . Emotion , 3 ( 2 ) : 194 – 300 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Carse , A. L. 2005 . The moral contours of empathy . Ethical Theory and Moral Practice , 8 : 169 – 195 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Cialdini , R. B. , Brown , S. L. , Lewis , B. P. , Luce , C. and Neuberg , S. L. 1997 . Reinterpreting the empathy-altruism relationship: When one into one equals oneness . Journal of Personality and Social Psychology , 73 ( 3 ) : 481 – 494 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cliffordson , C. 2002 . The hierarchical structure of empathy: Dimensional organization and relations to social functioning . Scandinavian Journal of Psychology , 43 : 49 – 59 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Collins , R. 1994 . Four sociological traditions New York, NY : Oxford University Press. .
   Google Scholar
• Coulehan , J. 2005 . Empathy and narrativity: A commentary on the origins of healing: An evolutionary perspective of the healing process . Families, Systems, & Health , 23 ( 3 ) : 261 – 265 .
   Google Scholar
• Cottle , T. J. 2002 . The work of affirmation . Child and Youth Forum , 31 ( 2 ) : 65 – 77 .
   Google Scholar
• Danby , C. 2004 . Lupita's dress: Care in time . Hypatia , 19 ( 4 ) : 23 – 48 .
   Google Scholar
• Davis , M. H. 1980 . A multidimensional approach to individual differences in empathy . JSAS Catalog of Selected Documents in Psychology , 10 ( 85 ) : 10 – 15 .
   Google Scholar
• Davis , M. H. , Luce , C. and Kraus , S. J. 1994 . The heritability of characteristics associated with dispositional empathy . Journal of Personality , 62 ( 3 ) : 369 – 391 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Decety , J. and Jackson , P. L. 2006 . A social-neuroscience perspective on empathy . Current Directions in Psychological Science , 15 ( 2 ) : 54 – 58 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• De Vignemont , F. and Singer , T. 2006 . The empathic brain: How when and why? . Trends in Cognitive Science , 10 ( 10 ) : 435 – 441 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• De Kemp , R. A. T. , Overbeek , G. , de Wied , M. , Engels , R. C. M. E. and Scholte , R. H. J. 2007 . Early adolescent empathy, parental support, and antisocial behavior . The Journal of Genetic Psychology , 168 ( 1 ) : 5 – 18 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dykeman , C. , Nelson , R. J. and Appleton , V. 1995 . Building strong working alliances with American Indian families . Social Work in Education , 17 ( 3 ) : 148 – 158 .
   Google Scholar
• Dymond , R. F. 1949 . A scale for the measurement of empathic ability . Journal of Consulting Psychology , 13 : 127 – 133 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Engster , D. 2005 . Rethinking care theory: The practice of caring and the obligation to care . Hypatia , 20 ( 3 ) : 50 – 74 .
   Google Scholar
• Freedberg , S. 2007 . Re-examining empathy: A relational-feminist point of view . Social Work , 52 ( 3 ) : 251 – 259 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gerdes , K. E. and Segal , E. A. 2009 . A social work model of empathy . Advances in Social Work , 10 ( 2 ) : 114 – 127 .
   Google Scholar
• Gillespie , A. 2005 . G. H. Mead: Theorist of the social act . Journal for the Theory of Social Behavior , 35 ( 1 ) : 19 – 39 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Harvey , T. S. 2006 . Ipseity, alterity, and community: The tri-unity of Maya therapeutic healing . Zygon , 41 ( 4 ) : 903 – 914 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hepworth , D. H. , Rooney , R. H. , Rooney , G. D. , Strom-Gottfried , K. and Larsen , J. A. 2006 . Direct social work practice; Theory and skills, , 7th ed. Belmont, CA : Thomson Brooks/Cole. .
   Google Scholar
• Hogan , R. 1969 . Development of an empathy scale . Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology , 3 ( 3 ) : 307 – 313 .
   Google Scholar
• Hojat , M. 2007 . Empathy in patient care New York, NY : Springer. .
   Google Scholar
• Hollis , F. and Woods , M. E. 1981 . Case work: A psychosocial therapy New York, NY : Random House. .
   Google Scholar
• Holosko , M. J. , Skinner , J. and Robinson , R. S. 2007 . “ Person centered therapy. ” . In Comprehensive handbook of social work and social welfare: Human behavior in the social environment , Edited by: Thyer , B. vol. II , 297 – 326 . Hoboken, NJ : John Wiley Press. .
   Google Scholar
• Houston , D. A. 1990 . Empathy and the self: Cognitive and emotional influences on the evaluation of negative affect in others . Journal of Personality and Social Psychology , 59 ( 5 ) : 859 – 868 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Johnson , J. A. , Cheek , J. M. and Smither , R. 1983 . The structure of empathy . Journal of Personality and Social Psychology , 45 ( 6 ) : 1299 – 1312 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jolliffe , D. and Farrington , D. P. 2005 . Development and validation of the basic empathy scale . Journal of Adolescence , 29 ( 4 ) : 589 – 611 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Koss-Chioino , J. D. 2006 . Spiritual transformation, ritual healing, and altruism . Zygon , 41 ( 4 ) : 877 – 892 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kradin , R. 2005 . The roots of empathy and aggression in analysis . Journal of Analytical Psychology , 50 : 431 – 449 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Kristjansson , K. 2004 . Empathy, sympathy, justice and the child . Journal of Moral Education , 33 ( 3 ) : 291 – 305 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lambert , M. J. and Barley , D. E. 2001 . Research summary on the therapeutic relationship and psychotherapy outcome . Psychotherapy , 38 ( 4 ) : 357 – 361 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lantz , J. 2001 . “ Existential theory. ” . In Theoretical perspectives for direct social work practice: A generalist-eclectic approach Edited by: Lehmann , P. and Coady , N. 240 – 254 . New York, NY : Springer. .
   Google Scholar
• Lee-Hsieh , J. , Kuo , C. L. , Tseng , H. and Tuton , M. 2004 . Development of an instrument to measure caring behaviors in nursing students in Taiwan . International Journal of Nursing Studies , 42 ( 5 ) : 579 – 586 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Lejuez , C. W. , Hopko , D. R. , Levine , S. , Gholkar , R. and Collins , L. M. 2006 . The therapeutic alliance in behavior therapy . Psychotherapy: Theory, Research, Practice, Training , 43 ( 4 ) : 456 – 468 .
   Google Scholar
• Leslie , K. R. , Johnson-Frey , S. H. and Grafton , S. T. 2003 . Functional imaging of face and hand imitation: Towards a motor theory of empathy . NeuroImage , 21 : 601 – 607 .
   Google Scholar
• Marziali , E. and Alexander , L. 1991 . The power of the therapeutic relationship . American Journal of Orthopsychiatry , 61 ( 3 ) : 383 – 391 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McClenon , J. 1997 . Shamanic healing, human evolution, and the origin of religion . Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion , 36 ( 3 ) : 345 – 354 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mehrabian , A. and Epstein , N. 1972 . A measure of emotional empathy . Journal of Personality , 40 : 525 – 543 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Minuchin , S. and Fishman , H. C. 1981 . Family therapy techniques Cambridge, MA : Harvard University Press. .
   Google Scholar
• Oberman , L. M. and Ramachandran , V. S. 2007 . The simulating mind: The role of the mirror neuron system and simulation in the social and communicative deficits of autism spectrum disorders . Psychological Bulletin , 153 ( 2 ) : 310 – 327 .
   Google Scholar
• Olio , K. A. and Cornell , W. F. 1993 . The therapeutic relationship as the foundation for treatment with adult survivors of sexual abuse . Psychotherapy , 30 ( 3 ) : 512 – 522 .
   Google Scholar
• Oswald , P. A. 1996 . The effects of cognitive and affective perspective taking on empathic concern and altruistic helping . The Journal of Social Psychology , 136 ( 5 ) : 613 – 623 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pins , A. M. 1963 . Who chooses social work, when and why?: An exploratory study of factors influencing career choices in social work Alexandria, VA : Council on Social Work Education. .
   Google Scholar
• Rogers , C. R. 1951 . Client-centered therapy Boston, MA : Houghton Mifflin. .
   Google Scholar
• Rothery , M. 2001 . “ Ecological systems theory. ” . In Theoretical perspectives for direct social work practice: A generalist-eclectic approach Edited by: Lehmann , P. and Coady , N. 65 – 82 . New York, NY : Springer. .
   Google Scholar
• Rothery , M. and Tutty , L. 2001 . “ Client-centered theory. ” . In Theoretical perspectives for direct social work practice: A generalist-eclectic approach Edited by: Lehmann , P. and Coady , N. 223 – 239 . New York, NY : Springer. .
   Google Scholar
• Russo , R. A. 2004 . Social justice as general education . Journal of Geography , 103 : 102 – 110 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Saulnier , C. F. 1996 . Feminist theories and social work New York, NY : Haworth. .
   Google Scholar
• Schwebel , M. 2006 . Realistic empathy and active nonviolence confront political reality . Journal of Social Issues , 62 ( 1 ) : 191 – 208 .
   Google Scholar
• Sinclair , S. L. and Monk , G. 2005 . Discursive empathy: A new foundation for therapeutic practice . British Journal of Guidance & Counseling , 33 ( 3 ) : 333 – 349 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Singer , T. 2006 . The neuronal basis and ontogeny of empathy and mind reading: Review of literature and implications for future research . Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews , 30 : 855 – 863 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Singh , A. N. 1999 . Shamans, healing, and mental health . Journal of Child and Family Studies , 8 ( 2 ) : 131 – 134 .
   Google Scholar
• Skovholt , T. 2005 . The cycle of caring: A model of expertise in the helping professions . Journal of Mental Health Counseling , 27 ( 1 ) : 82 – 93 .
   Google Scholar
• Smith , A. 2006 . Cognitive empathy and emotional empathy in human behavior and evolution . The Psychological Record , 56 : 3 – 21 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Snodgrass , S. E. , Hecht , M. A. and Ploutz-Snyder , A. 1998 . Interpersonal sensitivity: Expressivity or perceptivity? . Journal of Personality and Social Psychology , 74 ( 1 ) : 238 – 249 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stewart , R. P. 1984 . Building an alliance between the family and the institution . Social Work , July–August : 386 – 390 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Tevithick , P. 2003 . Effective relationship-based practice: A theoretical exploration . Journal of Social Work Practice , 17 ( 2 ) : 163 – 176 .
   Google Scholar
• Tudor , K. and Worrall , M. 1994 . Congruence reconsidered . British Journal of Guidance and Counseling , 22 ( 2 ) : 197 – 206 .
   Google Scholar
• Turner , K. 2009 . Mindfulness: The present moment in clinical social work . Clinical Social Work Journal , 37 : 95 – 103 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Underwood , B. and Moore , B. 1982 . Perspective-taking and altruism . Psychological Bulletin , 91 ( 1 ) : 143 – 173 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vanaerschot , G. 2007 . Empathic resonance and differential experiential processing: An experiential process-directive approach . American Journal of Psychotherapy , 61 ( 3 ) : 313 – 330 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Wampold , B. E. 2007 . Psychotherapy: The humanistic (and effective) treatment . American Psychologist , November : 857 – 873 .
   Google Scholar
• Wickman , S. A. and Campbell , C. 2003 . An analysis of how Carl Rogers enacted client-centered conversation with Gloria . Journal of Counseling and Development , 81 ( Spring ) : 178 – 189 .
   Google Scholar