Cocaine-Exposed Toddler-Caregiver Dyads During Free Play at 24 Months

REFERENCES

• Accornero, V. H., Morrow, C. E., Bandstra, E. S., Johnson, A. L., & Anthony, J. C. (2002). Behavioral outcomes of preschoolers exposed prenatally to cocaine: Role of maternal behavioral health. Journal of Pediatric Psychology, 27(3), 259–269.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Achenbach, T. M. (1991). Manual for the Teacher’s Report Form and 1991 profile. Burlington, VT: University of Vermont.
   Google Scholar
• Achenbach, T. M. (1992). Manual for Child Behavior Check List. 1.5/5. Burlington, VT: University of Vermont.
   Google Scholar
• Achenbach, T. M. (1997). Achenbach Child Behavior Check List/Caregiver-Teacher Report Form for ages 1½–5 years. Burlington, VT: University of Vermont.
   Google Scholar
• Achenbach, T. M., & Rescorla, L. A. (2000). Manual for the ASEBA preschool forms & profiles. Burlington, VT: University of Vermont, Research Center for Children, Youth, & Families.
   Google Scholar
• American Psychiatric Association. (1994). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (4th ed.). Washington, DC: American Psychiatry Association.
   Google Scholar
• Arendt, R., Angelopoulos, J., Salvator, A., & Singer, L. (1999). Motor development of cocaine-exposed children at age two years. Pediatrics, 103, 86–92.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bayley, N. (1993/1969). The Bayley Scales of Infant Development. New York: Psychological Corp.
   Google Scholar
• Bono, K. E., & Sheinberg, N. (2009). Effectiveness of early intervention for children prenatally exposed to cocaine: Moderating effects of low birth weight on behavioral outcomes. Early Child Development and Care, 179(4), 487–501.
   Google Scholar
• Bradley, R. H., Burchinal, M. R., & Casey, P. H. (2001). Early intervention: The moderating role of the home environment. Applied Developmental Science, 5(1), 2–8.
   Google Scholar
• Chasnoff, I. J., Burns, W. J., Schnoll, S. H., & Burns, K. A. (1985). Cocaine use in pregnancy. New England Journal of Medicine, 313(11), 666–669.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chasnoff, I. J., Bussey, M. E., Savich, R., & Stack, C. M. (1986). Perinatal cerebral infarction and maternal cocaine use. Journal of Pediatrics, 108(3), 456–459.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Children’s Defense Fund. (2014). The state of America’s children, 2014. Retrieved from http://www.childrensdefense.org/child-research-data-publications/data/2014-soac.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Cranley, M. (1981). Development of a tool for the measurement of maternal attachment during pregnancy. Nursing Research, 30(5), 281–284.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Datta-Bhutada, S., Johnson, H. L., & Rosen, T. S. (1998). Intrauterine cocaine and crack exposure: Neonatal outcome. Journal of Perinatology, 18(3), 183–188.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Delaney-Black, V., Covington, C., & Ostrea, E., Jr. (1996). Prenatal cocaine and neonatal outcome: Evaluation of dose-response relationship. Pediatrics, 98, 735–740.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Delaney-Black, V., Covington, C., Templin, T., Ager, J., Nordstrom-Klee, B., Martier, S., … Sokol, R. J. (2000). Teacher-assessed behavior of children prenatally exposed to cocaine. Pediatrics, 106(4), 782–791.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Eamon, M. K. (2000). Structural model of the effects of poverty on externalizing and internalizing behaviors of four- to five-year-old children. Social Work Research, 24(2), 143–154.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Eiden, R. D., Granger, D. A., Scheutze, P., & Veira, Y. (2011). Child behavior problems among cocaine-exposed toddlers: Indirect and interactive effects. Developmental Psychopathology, 23(2), 539–550.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Feldman, J. B. (2012). Best practice for adolescent prenatal care: Application of an attachment theory perspective to enhance prenatal care and diminish birth risks. Child & Adolescent Social Work Journal, 29, 151–166.
   Google Scholar
• Frank, D. A., Augustyn, M., Knight, W. G., Pell, T., & Zuckerman, B. (2001). Growth, development, and behavior in early childhood following prenatal cocaine exposure: A systematic review. Journal of the American Medical Association, 285(12), 1613–1625.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Frank, D. A., Jacobs, R. R., Beeghly, M., Augustyn, M., Bellinger, D., Cabral, H., & Heeren, T. (2002). Level of prenatal cocaine exposure and scores on the Bayley Scales of Infant Development: Modifying effects of caregiver, early intervention, and birth weight. Pediatrics, 110(6), 1143–1152.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hagen, J. C., & Myers, B. J. (1997). Mother-toddler play interaction: A contrast of substance-exposed and nonexposed children. Infant Mental Health Journal, 18(1), 40–57.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hokayem, C., & Heggeness, M. C. (2014, May). Living in near poverty in the United States: 1966–2012: Current population reports. Retrieved from http://www.census.gov/prod/2014pubs/p60-248.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Homer, B. D., & Nelson, K. (2009). Naming facilitates young children’s understanding of scale models: Language and the development of symbolic understanding. Journal of Cognition and Development, 10(1–2), 115–134.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jacobson, S. W., Jacobson, J. L., Sokol, R. J., Chiodo, L. M., & Corobana, R. (2004). Maternal age, alcohol abuse history, and quality of parenting as moderators of the effects of prenatal alcohol exposure on 7.5-year intellectual function. Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research, 28(11), 1732–1745.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Johnson, H. L. (1993). Prenatal drug exposure and early child development. Early Child Development and Care, 84, 81–89.
   Google Scholar
• Johnson, H. L., Nusbaum, B., Bejarano, A., & Rosen, T. S. (1999). An ecological approach to development in children with prenatal drug exposure. American Journal of Orthopsychiatry, 69, 448–456.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Johnson, H. L., & Rosen, T. S. (1990). Mother-infant interaction in a multirisk population. American Journal of Orthopsychiatry, 60(2), 281–288.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kraemer, S. The fragile male. (2000). British Medical Journal, 321, 1609–1612.
   Google Scholar
• Lewis, M. W., Misra, S., Johnson, H. L., & Rosen, T. S. (2004). Neurological and developmental outcomes of prenatally cocaine-exposed offspring from 12 to 36 months. American Journal of Drug & Alcohol Abuse, 30(2), 299–320.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Locke, A., Ginsborg, J., & Peers, I. (2002). Development and disadvantage: Implications for early years and beyond. International Journal of Language and Communication Disorders, 37(1), 3–15.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mansoor, E., Morrow, C. E., Accornero, V. H., Xue, L., Johnson, A. L., & Bandstra, E. S. (2012). Longitudinal effects of prenatal cocaine use on mother-child interactions at ages 3 and 5. Journal of Developmental Behavioral Pediatrics, 33(1), 1–18.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mayes, L. C., Granger, R. H., Bornstein, M. H., & Zuckerman, B. (1992). The problem of prenatal cocaine exposure: A rush to judgment. Journal of American Medical Association, 267(3), 406–408.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McCabe, P. C., & Meller, P. J. (2004). The relationship between language and social competence: How language impairment affects social growth. Psychology in the Schools, 41(3), 313–321.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McLoyd, V. C. (1990). The impact of economic hardship on Black families and children: Psychological distress, parenting, and socioemotional development. Child Development, 61, 311–346.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mercer, R. T., Ferketich, S., May, K. A., DeJoseph, J., & Sollid, D. (1988). Further exploration of maternal and paternal fetal attachment. Research in Nursing and Health, 11, 83–95.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Neuspiel, D. R. (1992). Cocaine-associated abnormalities may not be causally related. American Journal of Diseases in Children, 146, 278.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Neuspiel, D. R. (1993). Cocaine and the fetus: Mythology of severe risk. Neurotoxicology & Teratology, 15, 305–306.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Neuspiel, D. R., Hamel, S. C., Hochberg, E., Greene, J., & Campbell. D. (1991). Maternal cocaine use and infant behavior. Neurotoxicology & Teratology, 13(2), 229–233.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Potter, C. A. (2007). Developments in UK early years policy and practice: Can they improve outcomes for disadvantaged children? International Journal of Early Years Education, 15(2), 171–180.
   Google Scholar
• Sameroff, A. J. Seifer, R. Baldwin, A., & Baldwin, C. (1993). Stability of intelligence from preschool to adolescence: The influence of social and family risk factors. Child Development, 66(1), 80–97.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shaw, D. S., Keenan, K., & Vondra, J. I. (1994). Developmental precursors of externalizing behavior: Ages 1 to 3. Developmental Psychology, 30(3), 355–364.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shaw, D. S., Winslow, E. B., Owens, E. B., Vondra, J. I., Cohen, J. F., & Bell, R. Q. (1998). The development of early externalizing problems among children from low-income families: A transformational perspective. Child Psychiatry & Human Development, 40(1), 73–84.
   Google Scholar
• Singer, L. T., Arendt, R., Minnes, S., Farkas, K., Salvator, A., Kirchner, H. L., & Kliegman, R. (2002). Cognitive and motor outcomes of cocaine-exposed infants. Journal of the American Medical Association, 287(15), 1952–1960.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Singer, L. T., Minnes, S., Short, E., Arendt, R., Farkas, K., Lewis, B., … Kitchner, H. L. (2004). Cognitive outcomes of preschool children with prenatal cocaine exposure. Journal of the American Medical Association, 291, 2448–2456.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Slinning, K. (2004). Foster placed children prenatally exposed to poly-substances: Attention-related problems at ages 2 and 4½. European Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 13(1), 19–27.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stansbury, K., & Zimmermann, L. K. (1999). Relations among child language skills, maternal socialization of emotion regulation, and child behavior problems. Child Psychiatry & Human Development, 30(2), 121–142.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tronick, E. Z., & Beeghly, M. (1999). Prenatal cocaine exposure, child development, and the compromising effects of cumulative risk. Clinics in Perinatology, 26, 151–171.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tronick, E. Z., Frank, D. A., Cabral, H., Mirochnick, M., & Zuckerman, B. (1996). Late dose-response effects of prenatal cocaine exposure on newborn neurobehavioral performance. Pediatrics, 98(1), 76–83.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ukeje, I., Bendersky, M., & Lewis, M. (2001). Mother-infant interaction at 12 months in prenatally cocaine-exposed children. American Journal of Drug & Alcohol Abuse, 27(2), 203–224.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• United States Census Bureau. (2012, September 12). Poverty thresholds. Social, Economic, and Housing Statistics Division: Poverty. Retrieved from http://www.census.gov/hhes/www/poverty/data/threshld/thresh94.html
   Google Scholar
• van Bakel, H. J. A., Maas, A. J. B. M., Vreeswijk, C. M. J. M., & Vingerhoets, A. J. J. M. (2013). Pictorial representative of attachment: Measuring the parent-fetus relationship in expectant mothers and fathers. BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth, 13, 138–148. doi:10.1186/1471-2393-13-138
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Verloove-Vanhorick, S. P., Veen, S., Ens-Dokkum, M. H., Schreuder, A. M., Brand, R., & Ruys, J. H. (1994). Sex difference in disability and handicap at five years of age in children born at very short gestation. Pediatrics, 93(4), 576–579.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yumoto, C., Jacobson, S. W., & Jacobson, J. L. (2008). Fetal substance exposure and cumulative environmental risk in an African American cohort. Child Development, 79(6), 1761–1776.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar