Life Stressors and Substance Abuse in African American Adolescents Residing in a Public Housing Community

REFERENCES

• Adlaf, E. M., and Smart, R. G. (1985). Drug use and religious affiliation, feelings and behaviour. British Journal of Addictions, 80, 163–171.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• American Psychiatric Association. (1994). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (4th ed.). Washington, DC: Author.
   Google Scholar
• American Psychiatric Association. (2000). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (4th ed., text rev.). Washington, DC: Author.
   Google Scholar
• Bahr, S. J., Hoffmann, J. P., & Yang, X. (2005). Parental and peer influences on the risk of adolescent drug use. The Journal of Primary Prevention, 26(6), 529–551
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Bauman, L. & Adair, E. G. (1992). The use of ethnographic interviewing to inform questionnaire construction. Health Education Quarterly, 19(1), 9–23.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Berk, L. E. (2003). Child development. Boston, MA: Allyn and Bacon.
   Google Scholar
• Bogdan, R. C., & Biklen, S. K. (1997). Qualitative research for education: An introduction to theory and methods. Boston, MA: Allyn and Bacon.
   Google Scholar
• Bradshaw, J. (1988). Bradshaw on: The family—A revolutionary way of self-discovery. Deerfield Beach, FL: Health Communication.
   Google Scholar
• Bronfenbrenner, U. (1979). The ecology of human development: Experiments by nature and design. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Brown, B. (2004). Adolescents’ relationships with peers. In R. Lerner & L. Steinberg (Eds.), Handbook of adolescent psychology (2nd ed., pp. 363–394). New York, NY: Wiley.
   Google Scholar
• Buka, S. L., Stichick, T. L., Birdthistle, I., & Earls, F. J. (2001). Youth exposure to violence: Prevalence, risks, and consequences. American Journal of Orthopsychiatry, 71(3), 298–310.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Burrow-Sanchez, J. (2006). Understanding adolescent substance abuse. Journal of Counseling and Development, 84(3), 283–290.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Butters, J. E. (2002). Family stressors and adolescent cannabis use: A pathway to problem use. Journal of Adolescence, 25(6), 645–654
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Byrne, D. G., & Mazanov, J. (2002). Adolescent stress and future smoking behavior: A prospective investigation. Journal of Psychosomatic Research, 54(4), 313–332.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Crowley T. J., & Riggs, P. (1995). Adolescent substance use disorder with conduct disorder and comorbid conditions. In Adolescent drug abuse: Clinical assessment and therapeutic interventions. National Institute on Drug Abuse Research Monograph Series. Rockville, MD: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services.
   Google Scholar
• Datner, E. L. (2004). Resilience in inner-city African American youth exposed to community violence. (Doctoral dissertation). University of Hartford, West Hartford, CT.
   Google Scholar
• Eckes, A., and Radunovich, H. L. (2007). Trauma and adolescents. Gainesville, FL: University of Florida
   Google Scholar
• Erikson, E. H. (1968). Identity: Youth and crisis. New York, NY: Norton
   Google Scholar
• Gardner, M., & Steinberg, L. (2005). Peer influence on risk taking, risk preference, and risky decision making in adolescence and adulthood: An experimental study. Developmental Psychology, 41, 625–635.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Goodman, E., McEwen, B. S., Dolan, L. M., Schafer-Kalkhoff, T., & Adler, N. E. (2005). Social disadvantage and adolescent stress. Journal of Adolescent Health, 37(6), 484–492.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Grant, K. E., Behling, S., Gipson, P. Y., & Ford, R. E. (2005). Adolescent stress: The relationship between stress and mental health problems. Prevention Researcher, 12(3), 3–6.
   Google Scholar
• Hawkins, J. D., Catalano, R. F., & Miller, J. Y. (1992). Risk and protective factors for alcohol and other drug problems in adolescence and early adulthood: Implications for substance abuse prevention. Psychological Bulletin, 112, 64–105.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hogan, J. A., Gabrielsen, K. R., Luna, N., & Grothaus, D. (2003). Substance abuse prevention: The intersection of science and practice. Boston, MA: Pearson Education
   Google Scholar
• Housing Authority of Baltimore City. (1992). Semi-annual statistical bulletin. Baltimore, MD: Department of Housing and Community Development.
   Google Scholar
• Jessor, R., & Jessor, S. (1977). Problem behavior and psychosocial development: A longitudinal study of youth. New York, NY: Academic Press.
   Google Scholar
• Kempf, J. (2011) Recognizing and managing stress: Coping strategies for adolescents. Menomonie, WI: The Graduate School University of Wisconsin-Stout.
   Google Scholar
• Kianpoor, M., & Bakhshani, N. (2012). Trauma, dissociation, and high-risk behaviors. International Journal of High Risk Behaviors and Addiction, 1(1), 9–13. doi:10.5812/ijhrba.4624
   Google Scholar
• Loeber, R. (1990). Development and risk factors of juvenile antisocial behavior and delinquency. Clinical Psychology Review, 10, 1–41.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Monitoring the Future. (2013). University of Michigan news: American teens more cautious about using synthetic drugs. Retrieved from http://monitoringthefuture.org//pressreleases/13drugpr_complete.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Moroz, J. (2005). The effects of psychological trauma on children and adolescents: Report prepared for the Vermont Agency of Human Services. Retrived from http://mentalhealth.vermont.gov/sites/dmh/files/report/cafu/DMH-CAFU_Psychological_Trauma_Moroz.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Morris, E. (n.d.) Youth violence: Implications for posttraumatic stress disorder in urban youth. National Urban League Policy Institute. Retrived from http://policyarchive.org/handle/10207/17613
   Google Scholar
• Moser, M. (1999). Strong parenting skills help keep kids drug free. Healthy Times. Trenton, New Jersey.
   Google Scholar
• National Institute on Drug Abuse. (2002). Infofax: Lessons in prevention. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services.
   Google Scholar
• National Institute on Drug Abuse. (2012). Comorbidity and other mental illness. Research Report Series. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services.
   Google Scholar
• Norwood, A. E., Ursano, R. J., & Fullerton, C. S. (2000). Disaster psychiatry: Principles and practice. Psychiatric Quarterly, 71(3), 207–226.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Oster, G., & Montgomery, S. (1995). Helping your depressed teenager. New York, NY: Wiley & Sons, Inc.
   Google Scholar
• Ottenson, O., & Townsend, J. (1983). Kids and drugs: A parent’s guide. Springfield, NJ: Enslow Publishers.
   Google Scholar
• Purper-Ouakil, D., Michel, G., & Mouren-Siméoni, M. C. (2002). Vulnerability to depression in children and adolescents: Update and perspectives. Encephale, 28(3), 234–240.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rodney, E. H., Mupier, R., & O’Neal, S. (1997). American adolescent in public housing: Showing low alcohol and drug use. Journal of Child and Adolescent Substance Abuse, 6(4), 55–73.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ruzek, J. I., Brymer, M. J., Jacobs, A. K., Layne, C. M., Vernberg, E. M., & Watson, P. J. (2007). Psychological first aid. Journal of Mental Health Counseling, 29(1), 17–49.
   Google Scholar
• Shaffer, D. (2009). Developmental psychology: Childhood and adolescence. Independence, KY: Wadworth Cengage Learning,
   Google Scholar
• Shaffer, D., & Kipp, K. (2013). Developmental psychology: Childhood and adolescence. Independence, KY: Wadworth Cengage Learning
   Google Scholar
• Shaw, J. (2000). Children, adolescents and trauma. Psychiatric Quarterly, 71(3), 227–243.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Simuforosa, M. (2013). Stress and adolescent development. Greener Journal of Education Research, 3(8), 373–380.
   Google Scholar
• Steinberg, L., & Monahan K. C. (2007). Age differences in resistance to peer influence. Developmental Psychology, 43(6), 1531–1543.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Strass, A., & Corbin, J. (1990). Basics of qualitative research: Techniques and procedures for developing grounded theory. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications.
   Google Scholar
• Sutherland, E. H., Cressey, D. R., & Luckenbill, D. F. (1992). Principles of criminology (11th ed.). Philadelphia, PA: Lippincott.
   Google Scholar
• Swadi, H. (1992). Relative risk factors in detecting adolescent drug abuse. Drug and Alcohol Dependence, 29, 253–254
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Thomas, C. S., and Schandler, S. L. (1996). Risk factors in adolescent substance abuse: Treatment and management implications. Journal of Child & Adolescent Substance Abuse, 5(3), 1–16.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• U.S. Department of Justice. (2001). Substance abuse: The nation’s number one health problems. Washington, DC: Office of Justice Programs, Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention.
   Google Scholar
• van Zyl, J. D., Cronjé, E. M., & Payze, C. (2006). Low self-esteem of psychotherapy patients: A qualitative inquiry. The Qualitative Report, 11(1), 182–2008.
   Google Scholar
• Walker, J. (2002). Teens in distress series: Adolescent stress and depression. University of Minnesota Extension. Retrieved from http://www.extension.umn.edu/distribution/youthdevelopment/da3083.html
   Google Scholar
• Wallace, J., & Muroff, J. (2002). Preventing substance abuse among African American children and youth: Race differences in risk factor exposure and vulnerability. Journal of Primary Prevention, 22(3), 235–261.
   Google Scholar