A phenomenological study of ex-child soldiers’ perceived meaning of reintegration in post war Liberia

References

• Achilihu, S. (2010). Do african children have rights?. Boca Raton, Florida: Universal Publishers.
   Google Scholar
• Achilihu, S. (2010). Do African children have rights? Boca Raton, Florida: Universal Publishers.
   Google Scholar
• Ackerman, R. (2009). Rebuilding Liberia, one brick at a time. World Policy Journal, 26(2), 83. doi:10.1162/wopj.2009.26.2.83
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• African Union (2010). List of countries which have signed, ratified/acceded to the African charter on the rights and welfare of the child. Retrieved from http://www.africancourt.org/fr/images/documents/fr_gen_docs/Liste%20des%20pays%20qui%20ont%20signe%20ratifie%20et%20adhere%20a%20la%20Charte%20africaine%20des%20droits%20de%20lenfant.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Amnesty International. (2004). Liberia: The Promise of Peace for 21,000 Child. Retrieved from http://reliefweb.int/sites/reliefweb.int/files/resources/AD8BA181C5EC35C549256E9700247B3B-ai-lbr-17may.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Asher, J., Beadling, C., Johnson, K., Lawry, L., Panjabi, R., Raja, A., & Rosborough, S. (2008). Association of combatant status and sexual violence with health and mental health outcomes in post conflict Liberia. JAMA: Journal of the American Medical Association, 300(6), 676–690. doi:10.1001/jama.300.6.676
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Awodola, B. (2012). An examination of methods to reintegrate former child soldiers in Liberia. Intervention, 10(1), 30–42. doi:10.1097/WTF.0b013e32834912e3
   Google Scholar
• Barenbaum, J., Ruchkin, V., & Schwab-Stone, M. (2004). The psychosocial aspects of children exposed to war: Practice and policy initiatives. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 45(1), 41–62.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bayer, C. P., Klasen, F., & Adam, H. (2007). Association of trauma and PTSD symptoms with openness to reconciliation and feelings of revenge among former ugandan and congolese child soldiers. JAMA: Journal Of The American Medical Association, 298(5), 555–559. doi:10.1001/jama.298.5.555
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Betancourt, T. S., Agnew-Blais, J., Gilman, S. E., & Ellis, B. H. (2010). Past horrors,present struggles: The role of stigma in the association between war experiences and psychosocial adjustment among former child soldiers in Sierra Leone. Social Science & Medicine, 70(1), 17–26. doi:10.1016/j.socscimed.2009.09.038
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Betancourt, T. S., Borisova, I., Marie, I., & Williamson, J. (2011). Sierra Leone’s child soldiers: War exposures and mental health problems by Gender. Journal of Adolescent Health, 49(1), 21–28. doi:10.1016/j.jadohealth.2010.09.021
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bracken, P., Giller, J., & Ssekiwanuka, J. (1996). The rehabilitation of child soldiersdefining needs and appropriate responses. Medicine. Conflict, And Survival, 12(2), 114–125.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Bronfenbrenner, U. (1986). Ecology of the family as a context for human development: research perspectives. Developmental Psychology, 22, 723–742. doi: 10.1037/0012-1649.22.6.723
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bronfrenbrenner, U. (1986). Ecology of the family as a context for human development: Research Perspectives. Developmental Psychology, 22, 723–742. doi:10.1037/0012-1649.22.6.723
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Child Soldier International. (2008). Child Soldiers Global Report 2008 – Liberia. Retrieved from http://www.unhcr.org/refworld/docid/486cb11228.html
   Google Scholar
• Corbin, J. N. (2008). Returning home: Resettlement of formerly abducted children in Northern Uganda. Disasters, 32(2), 316–335. doi:10.1111/j.14677717.2008.01042.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Denov, M. (2010). Coping with the trauma of war: Former child soldiers in post conflicSierraLeone. International Social Work, 53(6), 791–806. doi:10.1177/0020872809358400
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Denov, M., & Maclure, R. (2007). Turnings and Epiphanies: Militarization, life histories, and the making and unmaking of two child soldiers in Sierra Leone. Journal of Youth Studies, 10(2). doi:10.1080/13676260601120187
   Google Scholar
• Gregory, J., & Embrey, D. G. (2009). Companion recovery model to reduce the effects of profound catastrophic trauma for former child soldiers in Ganta, Liberia. Traumatology, 15(1), 40–51. doi:10.1177/1534765608326178
   Google Scholar
• Haer, R. (2017). The study of child soldiering: Issues and consequences for DDR implementation. Third World Quarterly, 38(2), 450–466. doi:10.1080/01436597.2016.1166946
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Haer, R., & Böhmelt, T. (2016). Child soldiers as time bombs? Adolescents’ participation in rebel groups and the recurrence of armed conflict. European Journal of International Relations, 22(2), 408–436. doi:10.1177/1354066115581910
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hill, R., Taylor, G., & Temin, J. (2008). Would you fight again? understanding Liberian ex-combatant reintegration. United States Institution of Peace. Retrieved from http://www.usip.org/files/resources/sr211.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Human Rights Watch (1994) Easy Prey: Child soldiers in Liberia. Retrieved from http://www.hrw.org/reports/1994/liberia2/
   Google Scholar
• Human Rights Watch. (2008). World Youth, Poverty and Blood: The lethal legacy of West Africa’s regional Warriors. Retrieved from http://www.reliefweb.int/sites/reliefweb.int/files/resources/921AB38267D93372C12572AB0049D39D-HRW-conflict%20analysis-mar05.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Humphreys, G. (2009). Healing child soldiers. Bulletin of the World Health Organization, 87(5), 330–331. doi:10.2471/blt.09.020509
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Integrated Regional Information Networks. (2006). Liberia: Stone throwing ex soldiers paralyze capital. Retrieved from http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?reportid=58835
   Google Scholar
• Integrated Regional Information Networks (2012) In-Depth: Figh901ting for the rights of child soldiers. Retrieved from http://www.irinnews.org/indepthmain.aspx?indepthid=94&reportid=94664
   Google Scholar
• Jennings, K. M. (2007). The struggle to satisfy: DDR Through the eyes of excombatants in Liberia. International Peacekeeping, 14(2) (13533312), 204218. 10.1080/13533310601150800.
   Google Scholar
• Johnson, K, Asher, J, Kisielewski, M, & Lawry, L. (2012). Former combatants in liberia: the burden of possible traumatic brain injury among demobilized combatants. Military Medicine, 177(5), 531-540. doi:10.7205/MILMED-D-11-00185
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kanneh, J. (1996). Liberia the lost generation. Scholastic Update, 128(10), 5.
   Google Scholar
• Klasen, F., Oettingen, G., Daniels, J., & Adam, H. (2010). Multiple trauma and mental health in former Ugandan child soldiers. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 23(5), 573–581. doi:10.1002/jts.20557
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lekskes, J., van Hooren, S., & de Beus, J. (2007). Appraisal of psychosocial interventions in Liberia. Intervention: International Journal of Mental Health, Psychosocial Work &counselling in Areas of Armed Conflict, 5(1), 18–26. doi:10.1097/WTF.0b013e3280be5b47
   Google Scholar
• Ligner, I. (2009). Liberia’s psychiatric wasteland for ex-child soldiers. Agence France-Presse Retrieved from http://mg.co.za/article/2009-01-15-liberiaspsychiatric-wasteland-forexchild-soldiers
   Google Scholar
• Mapp, S. (2008). Human rights and social justice in a global perspective: An introduction to international social work. New York, NY: Oxford University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Merleau-Ponty, M. (1974). In C. Smith (Ed. & Trans.), Phenomenology of perception. (vii-xxiv/Preface). London, UK: Rutledge & Kegan Paul.
   Google Scholar
• Miles, M. B., & Huberman, A. M. (1994). Qualitative data analysis: An expanded source book. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications.
   Google Scholar
• Moustakas, C. (1994). Phenomenological research methods. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
   Google Scholar
• Nilsson, D., & Söderberg Kovacs, M. (2005). Breaking the cycle of violence? promises and pitfalls of the liberian peace process. Civil Wars, 7(4), 396–414. doi:10.1080/13698280600683138
   Google Scholar
• Ozerdem, A., Podder, S., & Quitoriano, E. L. (2010). Identity, ideology and child soldiering: Community and youth participation in civil conflict - A study on the moro Islamic liberation front in Mindanao, Philippines. Civil Wars, 12(3), 304–325. doi:10.1080/13698249.2010.509566
   Google Scholar
• Paes, W.(2005). The challenges of disarmament, demobilization and reintegration in Liberia. International Peacekeeping. (13533312), 12(2), 253–261. doi: 10.1080/13533310500066537.
   Google Scholar
• Paintin, K. (2007). The lost generation. Public Policy Research, 14, 229–233. doi:10.1111/j.1744-540X.2008.00494.x
   Google Scholar
• Parley, W. (2013). Liberia: Ellen resists ‘lost generation’ debate. Retrieved from http://allafrica.com/stories/201305230822.html
   Google Scholar
• Patton, M. Q. (2002). Qualitative research & evaluation methods (3rd ed.). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications.
   Google Scholar
• Podder, S. (2012). From recruitment to reintegration: Communities and Ex combatants in post- conflict Liberia. International Peacekeeping (13533312), 19(2), 186–202. doi:10.1080/13533312.2012.665696
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pugel, J. (2006). What the fighters say: A survey of ex-combatants in Liberia. United Nation Development Program. Retrieved from http://www.lr.undp.org/UNDPwhatFightersSayLiberia-2006.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Qiushi, Y. (2010). My child shall be protected: A former child soldier’s commitment to his. son.UN Chronicle, 47(4), 36–41.
   Google Scholar
• Roldiers International (2004). Child Soldiers Global Report 2004 – Liberia. Retrieved from http://www.unhcr.org/refworld/docid/49880649c.html
   Google Scholar
• Rosen, D. M. (2007). Child Soldiers, International Humanitarian Law, and the Globalization of Childhood. American Anthropologist, 109(2), 296–306. doi:10.1525/AA.2007.109.2.296
   Google Scholar
• Save the Children. (2005). Forgotten casualties of war: Girls in armed conflict. Retrieved from http://www.peacewomen.org/assets/file/Resources/NGO/HR_ForgottenGirls_SC_2005.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Shiner, C. (1996, January 29). For child soldiers in Liberia, rehabilitation is a hard road. Christian Science Monitor, p. 7. Retrieved from http://search.ebscohost.com.proxy.tamuc.edu/login.aspx?direct=true&db=mat&AN=9607081464&site=ehost-live
   Google Scholar
• Somini, S. (2004). Liberia needs $500 million, report says. New York Times. p. 6.
   Google Scholar
• Strang, A., Wessells, M. G., & Boothby, N. (2006). A world turned upside down: Social ecological approaches to children in war zones. Bloomfield, CT: Kumarian Press, Inc.
   Google Scholar
• Trudeau, A. (2003). YOUNG AND VERY DEADLY. Maclean’s, 116(38), 28–30.
   Google Scholar
• United Nations Children’s Fund. (2007). Cape Town principles and best practices on the recruitment of children into the armed forces and on demobilization and social reintegration of child soldiers in Africa. Retrieved from http://www.unicef.org/emerg/index_childsoldiers.html
   Google Scholar
• United Nations Disarmament, Demobilization and reintegration Resource Center (n.d.) Liberia. Retrieved from http://www.unddr.org/countryprogrammes.php?c=52
   Google Scholar
• Veale, A., & Stavrou, A. (2007). Former Lord’s Resistance Army child soldier abductees: Explorations of identity in reintegration and reconciliation. Peace and Conflict: Journal of Peace Psychology, 13(3), 273–292. doi:10.1080/10781910701471306
   Google Scholar
• Vindevogel, S., Coppens, K., Derluyn, I., De Schryver, M., Loots, G., & Broekaert, E. (2011). Forced conscription of children during armed conflict: Experiences of former child soldiers in northern Uganda. Child Abuse & Neglect, 35(7), 551–562. doi:10.1016/j.chiabu.2011.03.011
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vonhm Benda, E. (2010). Activity report: Peace education in Liberia. Journal of Peace Education, 7(2), 221–222. doi:10.1080/17400201.2010.498989
   Google Scholar
• Watch, H. R. (2004). How to fight, how to kill: Child soldiers in Liberia. Human Rights Watch, 16, 2.
   Google Scholar
• Whitman, L., & Fleischman, J. (1994). The child soldiers. Africa report, 39 (4), 65.
   Google Scholar
• Woodward, L., & Galvin, P. (2009). Halfway to nowhere: Liberian former child soldiers in a Ghanaian refugee camp. Annals of the Association of American Geographers, 99(5), 1003–1011. doi:10.1080/00045600903245698
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar