Political behavior in virtual environment: Role of social media intensity, internet connectivity, and political affiliation in online political persuasion among university students

References

• Ahmad, S., Mustafa, M., & Ullah, A. (2016). Association of demographics, motives and intensity of using Social Networking Sites with the formation of bonding and bridging social capital in Pakistan. Computers in Human Behavior, 57, 107–114. doi:10.1016/j.chb.2015.12.027
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ahmed, S., & Skoric, M. (2015). Twitter and 2013 Pakistan general election: The case of David 2.0 against goliaths. In Case Studies in e-Government 2.0: Changing Citizen Relationships. Springer International Publishing.
   Google Scholar
• Ahmed, S., & Skoric, M. M. (2014, January). My name is Khan: The use of Twitter in the campaign for 2013 Pakistan General Election. In System Sciences (HICSS), 2014 47th Hawaii International Conference on (pp. 2242–2251). Waikoloa, Hawaii: IEEE.
   Google Scholar
• Amit-Danhi, E. R., & Shifman, L. (2018). Digital political infographics: A rhetorical palette of an emergent genre. New Media & Society, 20, 3540–3559. Retrieved from http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/pdf/10.1177/1461444817750565
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ardèvol-Abreu, A., Barnidge, M., & de Zúñiga, H. G. (2017). Communicative antecedents of political persuasion: Political discussion, citizen news creation, and the moderating role of strength of partisanship. Mass Communication and Society, 20(2), 169–191. doi:10.1080/15205436.2016.1244855
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bailey, M. A, Hopkins, D. J, & Rogers, T. (2016). Unresponsive and unpersuaded: the unintended consequences of a voter persuasion effort. Political Behavior, 38(3), 713–746.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Barker, D., & Lawrence, A. B. (2006). Media favoritism and presidential nominations: Reviving the direct effects model. Political Communication, 23(1), 41–59. doi:10.1080/10584600500477013
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Barnidge, M., Gil de Zúñiga, H., & Diehl, T. (2017). Second screening and political persuasion on social media. Journal of Broadcasting & Electronic Media, 61(2), 309–331. doi:10.1080/08838151.2017.1309416
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ben‐Nun Bloom, P., & Levitan, L. C. (2011). We’re closer than I thought: Social network heterogeneity, morality, and political persuasion. Political Psychology, 32(4), 643–665. doi:10.1111/j.1467-9221.2011.00826.x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Carlisle, J. E., & Patton, R. C. (2013). Is social media changing how we understand political engagement? An analysis of Facebook and the 2008 presidential election. Political Research Quarterly, 66(4), 883–895. doi:10.1177/1065912913482758
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chan, M., Wu, X., Hao, Y., Xi, R., & Jin, T. (2012). Microblogging, online expression, and political efficacy among young Chinese citizens: The moderating role of information and entertainment needs in the use of Weibo. Cyberpsychology, Behavior, and Social Networking, 15(7), 345–349. doi:10.1089/cyber.2012.0109
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Claassen, R. L. (2011). Political awareness and electoral campaigns: Maximum effects for minimum citizens? Political Behavior, 33(2), 203–223. doi:10.1007/s11109-010-9129-6
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cyr, D., Head, M., Lim, E., & Stibe, A. (2018). Using the elaboration likelihood model to examine online persuasion through website design. Information & Management, 55, 807–821. doi:10.1016/j.im.2018.03.009
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Diehl, T., Weeks, B. E., & Gil de Zuniga, H. (2016). Political persuasion on social media: Tracing direct and indirect effects of news use and social interaction. New Media & Society, 18(9), 1875–1895. doi:10.1177/1461444815616224
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Drezner, D. W., & Farrell, H. (2008). Introduction: Blogs, politics and power: A special issue of Public Choice. Public Choice, 134(1–2), 1–13. doi:10.1007/s11127-007-9206-5
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dutta, S., Das, D., & Chakraborty, T. (2019). Changing views: Persuasion modeling and argument extraction from online discussions. Information Processing & Management, 102085. doi:10.1016/j.ipm.2019.102085
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• English, K., Sweetser, K. D., & Ancu, M. (2011). YouTube-ification of political talk: An examination of persuasion appeals in viral video. American Behavioral Scientist, 55(6), 733–748. doi:10.1177/0002764211398090
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Enos, R. D., Fowler, A., & Vavreck, L. (2014). Increasing inequality: The effect of GOTV mobilization on the composition of the electorate. The Journal of Politics, 76(1), 273–288. doi:10.1017/S0022381613001308
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Franz, M. M., & Ridout, T. N. (2010). Political advertising and persuasion in the 2004 and 2008 presidential elections. American Politics Research, 38((2)), 303–329. doi:10.1177/1532673X09353507
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gardezi, S. (2014). The Politics of Social Media in South East Asia. Retrieved from http://www.idgconnect.com/abstract/8467/the-politics-social-media-south-east-asia
   Google Scholar
• Gil de Zúñiga, H., Molyneux, L., & Zheng, P. (2014). Social media, political expression, and political participation: Panel analysis of lagged and concurrent relationships. Journal of Communication, 64(4), 612–634. doi:10.1111/jcom.2014.64.issue-4
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gillespie, B., & Joireman, J. (2016). The role of consumer narrative enjoyment and persuasion awareness in product placement advertising. American Behavioral Scientist, 60(12), 1510–1528. doi:10.1177/0002764216660136
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Graham, T., & Wright, S. (2014). Discursive equality and everyday talk online: The impact of “superparticipants”. Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication, 19, 625–642. doi:10.1111/jcc4.12016
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Habermas, J. (1984). The theory of communicative action: Reason and the rationalization of society. Boston, MA: Beacon Press.
   Google Scholar
• Heckathorn, D. D. (1997). Respondent-driven sampling: A new approach to the study of hidden populations. Social Problems, 44(2), 174–199. doi:10.2307/3096941
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Howard, P. N., & Hussain, M. M. (2013). Democracy's fourth wave?: digital media and the arab spring. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Hunt, S. K., & Meyer, K. R. (2019). Engaging persuasion: What should undergraduate students enrolled in a persuasion course learn? Journal of Communication Pedagogy, 2, 12–16. doi:10.31446/JCP.2019.04
   Google Scholar
• Kim, Y., & Chen, H. T. (2016). Social media and online political participation: The mediating role of exposure to cross-cutting and like-minded perspectives. Telematics and Informatics, 33(2), 320–330. doi:10.1016/j.tele.2015.08.008
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Krueger, B. S. (2002). Assessing the potential of Internet political participation in the United States: A resource approach. American Politics Research, 30(5), 476–498. doi:10.1177/1532673X02030005002
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Merton, R. K. (1946). Mass persuasion: The social psychology of a war bond drive. New York, NY: Harper & Bros.
   Google Scholar
• Michael, M. C. C. J. B. C., & Cheuvront, C. C. J. B. (1998). Health communication on the Internet: An effective channel for health behavior change? Journal of Health Communication, 3(1), 71–79. doi:10.1080/108107398127517
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Michaelsen, M. (2011). New Media vs. Old Politics: The Internet. Social Media, and Democratisation in Pakistan. Friedrich-Ebert-Stiftung, Pakistan Office.
   Google Scholar
• Miller, P. R., Bobkowski, P. S., Maliniak, D., & Rapoport, R. B. (2015). Talking politics on Facebook: Network centrality and political discussion practices in social media. Political Research Quarterly, 68(2), 377–391. doi:10.1177/1065912915580135
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nielsen, R. K. (2011). Mundane internet tools, mobilizing practices, and the coproduction of citizenship in political campaigns. New Media & Society, 13(5), 755–771. doi:10.1177/1461444810380863
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Norris, P., & Curtice, J. (2008). Getting the message out: A two-step model of the role of the Internet in campaign communication flows during the 2005 British general election. Journal of Information Technology & Politics, 4(4), 3–13. doi:10.1080/19331680801975359
   Google Scholar
• Nulty, P., Theocharis, Y., Popa, S. A., Parnet, O., & Benoit, K. (2016). Social media and political communication in the 2014 elections to the European Parliament. Electoral Studies, 44, 429–444. doi:10.1016/j.electstud.2016.04.014
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Penney, J., & Dadas, C. (2014). (Re) Tweeting in the service of protest: Digital composition and circulation in the Occupy Wall Street movement. New Media & Society, 16(1), 74–90. doi:10.1177/1461444813479593
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Perloff, R. M. (2003). The dynamics of persuasion: Communication and attitudes in the 21st century (2nd ed.). Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum.
   Google Scholar
• Pettersson, K., & Sakki, I. (2017). Pray for the fatherland! Discursive and digital strategies at play in nationalist political blogging. Qualitative Research in Psychology, 14(3), 315–349. doi:10.1080/14780887.2017.1290177
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pew Internet & American Life Project. (2009). The Internet’s role in campaign 2008. Retrieved from http://pewInternet.org/Reports/2009/6–;The-Internets-Role-in-Campaign-2008.aspx
   Google Scholar
• Rojas, H., & Puig-i-Abril, E. (2009). Mobilizers mobilized: Information, expression, mobilization and participation in the digital age. Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication, 14(4), 902–927. doi:10.1111/jcmc.2009.14.issue-4
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sakki, I., & Pettersson, K. (2016). Discursive constructions of otherness in populist radical right political blogs. European Journal of Social Psychology, 46(2), 156–170. doi:10.1002/ejsp.v46.2
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Samuel-Azran, T., Yarchi, M., & Wolfsfeld, G. (2018). Rhetoric Styles and Political Affiliations During Israel’s 2013 “Facebook Elections”. International Journal of Politics, Culture, and Society, 31(1), 15–30. doi:10.1007/s10767-016-9247-1
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shaheen, M. A. (2008). Use of social networks and information seeking behavior of students during political crises in Pakistan: A case study. The International Information & Library Review, 40(3), 142–147. doi:10.1080/10572317.2008.10762774
   Google Scholar
• Shao, P., & Wang, Y. (2017). How does social media change Chinese political culture? The formation of fragmentized public sphere. Telematics and Informatics, 34(3), 694–704. doi:10.1016/j.tele.2016.05.018
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Skoric, M. M., Zhu, Q., & Pang, N. (2016). Social media, political expression, and participation in Confucian Asia. Chinese Journal of Communication, 9(4), 331–347. doi:10.1080/17544750.2016.1143378
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stieglitz, S., & Dang-Xuan, L. (2013). Social media and political communication: A social media analytics framework. Social Network Analysis and Mining, 3(4), 1277–1291. doi:10.1007/s13278-012-0079-3
   Google Scholar
• Stroud, N. J. (2008). Media use and political predispositions: Revisiting the concept of selective exposure. Political Behavior, 30(3), 341–366.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Suh, C. S., Vasi, I. B., & Chang, P. Y. (2017). How social media matter: Repression and the diffusion of the Occupy Wall Street movement. Social Science Research, 65, 282-293.Thorson, E. (2012). Beyond opinion leaders: How attempts to persuade foster political awareness and campaign learning. Communication Research, 41, 353–374. doi:10.1177/0093650212443824
   Google Scholar
• Thorson, K. (2014). Facing an uncertain reception: young citizens and political interaction on facebook. Information, Communication & Society, 17(2), 203–216.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vaccari, C. (2013). From echo chamber to persuasive device? Rethinking the role of the Internet in campaigns. New Media & Society, 15((1)), 109–127. doi:10.1177/1461444812457336
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vitak, J., Zube, P., Smock, A., Carr, C. T., Ellison, N., & Lampe, C. (2011). It's complicated: Facebook users' political participation in the 2008 election. Cyberpsychology, Behavior, and Social Networking, 14(3), 107–114.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wattal, S., Schuff, D., Mandviwalla, M., & Williams, C. B. (2010). Web 2.0 and politics: The 2008 US presidential election and an e-politics research agenda. MIS Quarterly, 34(669–688), 669. doi:10.2307/25750700
   Google Scholar
• Wyer, N. A. (2010). Selective self-categorization: Meaningful categorization and the in-group persuasion effect. The Journal of Social Psychology, 150(5), 452–470. doi:10.1080/00224540903365521
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zaller, J. R. (1992). The nature and origins of mass opinion. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.
   Google Scholar