References
- Abma, J. C., & Martinez, G. M. (2017, June 22). Sexual activity and contraceptive use among teenagers in the United States, 2011-2015. National Health Statistics Reports, 104. National Center for Health Statistics. https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/nhsr/nhsr104.pdf
- Ajzen, I. (1991). The theory of planned behavior. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 50(2), 179–211. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/0749-5978(91)90020-T
- Ajzen, I. (2020). The theory of planned behavior: Frequently asked questions. Human Behavior and Emerging Technologies, 2(4), 314–324. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1002/hbe2.195
- Alexander, C. S., Somerfield, M. R., Ensminger, M. E., Johnson, K. E., & Kim, Y. J. (1993). Consistency of adolescents’ self-report of sexual behavior in a longitudinal study. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 22(5), 455–471. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01537710
- Asare, M. (2015). Using the theory of planned behavior to determine the condom use behavior among college students. American Journal of Health Studies, 30(1), 43–50.
- Aspy, C. B., Vesely, S. K., Oman, R. F., Tolma, E., Rodine, S., Marshall, L., & Fluhr, J. (2012). School‐related assets and youth risk behaviors: Alcohol consumption and sexual activity. Journal of School Health, 82(1), 3–10. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1746-1561.2011.00661.x
- Barman-Adhikari, A., Cederbau, J., Sathoff, C., & Toro, R. (2014). Direct and indirect effects of maternal and peer influences on sexual intention among urban African American and Hispanic females. Child and Adolescent Social Work Journal, 31(6), 559–575. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1007/s10560-014-0338-4
- Brooks, F. M., Magnusson, J., Spencer, N., & Morgan, A. (2012). Adolescent multiple risk behaviour: An asset approach to the role of family, school and community. Journal of Public Health, 34(suppl_1), i48–i56. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1093/pubmed/fds001
- Brown, D. L., Rosnick, C. B., Webb-Bradley, T., & Kirner, J. (2014). Does daddy know Best? Exploring the relationship between paternal sexual communication and safe Sex practices among African-American women. Sex Education, 14(3), 241–256. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1080/14681811.2013.868800
- Buhi, E. R., & Goodson, P. (2007). Predictors of adolescent sexual behavior and intention: A theory-guided systematic review. Journal of Adolescent Health, 40(1), 4–21. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jadohealth.2006.09.027
- Cabrera, P., Auslander, W., & Polgar, M. (2009). Future orientation of adolescents in foster care: Relationship to trauma, mental health, and HIV risk behaviors. Journal of Child & Adolescent Trauma, 2(4), 271–286. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1080/19361520903317311
- Catalano, R., Berglund, M. L., Ryan, J. A. M., Lonczak, H., & Hawkins, J. (2004). Positive youth development in the United States: Research findings on evaluations of positive youth development programs. The Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science, 591(1), 98–124. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1177/2F0002716203260102
- Cederbaum, J. A., Rodriguez, A. J., Sullivan, K., & Gray, K. (2017). Attitudes, norms, and the effect of social connectedness on adolescent sexual risk intention. Journal of School Health, 87(8), 575–583. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1111/josh.12532
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2015, June 30). HIV among youth. http://www.cdc.gov/hiv/group/age/youth/index.html
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). (2019a). Adolescent and school health: Sexual risk behaviors can lead to HIV, STDs and teen pregnancy. https://www.cdc.gov/healthyyouth/sexualbehaviors/index.htm
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). (2019b). HIV and African Americans. https://www.cdc.gov/hiv/group/racialethnic/africanamericans/index.html
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). (2019c). School Health Profiles 2018: Characteristics of Health Programs Among Secondary Schools. https://www.cdc.gov/healthyyouth/data/profiles/pdf/2018/CDC-Profiles-2018.pdf
- Childs, G., Moneyham, L., & Felton, G. (2008). Correlates of sexual abstinence and sexual activity of low-income African American adolescent females. Journal of the Association of Nurses in AIDS Care, 19(6), 432–442. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jana.2008.04.013
- Cox, R. B., Jr, Shreffler, K. M., Merten, M. J., Gallus, K. L., & Dowdy, J. L. (2015). Parenting, peers, and perceived norms: What predicts attitudes toward sex among early adolescents? Journal of Early Adolescence, 35(1), 30–53. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1177/2F0272431614523131
- Coyle, K., Anderson, P., & Laris, B. A. (2016). Schools and sexuality education. In James J. Ponzetti, Jr.(Ed.). Evidence-based Approaches to Sexuality Education: A Global Perspective (pp. 146–168). Routledge.
- Cushman, N., Kantor, L., Schroeder, E., Eicher, L., & Gambone, G. (2014). Sexuality education: Findings and recommendations from an analysis of 10 United States Programmes. Sex Education, 14(5), 481–496. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1080/14681811.2014.918538
- Dancy, B. L., Crittenden, K. S., & Talashek, M. L. (2006). Mothers’ effectiveness as HIV risk reduction educators for adolescent daughters. Journal of Health Care for the Poor and Underserved, 17(1), 218–239. https://doi.org/http://doi.org/10.1353/hpu.2006.0012
- Dittus, P. J., Michael, S. L., Becasen, J. S., Gloppen, K. M., McCarthy, K., & Guilamo-Ramos, V. (2015). Parental monitoring and its associations with adolescent sexual risk behavior: A meta-analysis. Pediatrics, 136(6), e1587–e1599. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1542/peds.2015-0305
- Dunn, M. S., Kitts, C., Lewis, S., Goodrow, B., & Scherzer, G. G. (2011). Effects of youth assets on adolescent alcohol, tobacco, marijuana use and sexual behavior. Journal of Alcohol and Drug Education, 55(3), 23–40.
- ETR Associates. (n.d.). Becoming a responsible teen. Retrieved December 21, 2015, from http://www.etr.org/ebi/programs/becoming-a-responsible-teen/
- Evans, R., Widman, L., Stokes, M. N., Javidi, H., Hope, E. C., & Brasileiro, J. (2020). Association of sexual health interventions with sexual health outcomes in Black adolescents; a systematic review and meta-analysis. JAMA Pediatrics, 174(7), 676–689. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1001/jamapediatrics.2020.0382
- Family and Youth Services Bureau. (2015). Competitive personal responsibility education program fact sheet. http://www.acf.hhs.gov/sites/default/files/fysb/cprep_facts_20150504.pdf
- Fasula, A. M., & Miller, K. S. (2006). African-American and Hispanic adolescents’ intentions to delay first intercourse: Parental communication as a buffer for sexually active peers. Journal of Adolescent Health, 38(3), 193–200. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jadohealth.2004.12.009
- Flores, D., & Barroso, J. (2017). 21st century parent-child sex communication in the United States: A process review. The Journal of Sex Research, 54(4–5), 532–548. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1080/00224499.2016.1267693
- Forehand, R., Gound, M., Kotchick, B. A., Armistead, L., Long, N., & Miller, K. S. (2005). Sexual intentions of Black preadolescents: Associations with risk and adaptive behaviors. Perspectives on Sexual and Reproductive Health, 37(1), 13–18. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1363/3701305
- Godin, G., & Kok, G. (1996). The theory of planned behavior: A review of its applications to health-related behaviors. American Journal of Health Promotion, 11(2), 87–98. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.4278/0890-1171-11.2.87
- Green, J., Oman, R. F., Vesely, S. K., Cheney, M., & Carroll, L. (2017). Beyond the effects of comprehensive sexuality education: The significant prospective effects of youth assets on contraceptive behaviors. Journal of Adolescent Health, 61(6), 678–684. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jadohealth.2017.06.021
- Guttmacher Institute. (2020). Sex and HIV education. https://www.guttmacher.org/state-policy/explore/sex-and-hiv-education
- Hoyt, L. T., Chase-Lansdale, P. L., McDade, T. W., & Adam, E. K. (2012). Positive, healthy adults: Does positive well-being in adolescence predict better perceived health and fewer risky health behaviors in young adulthood? Journal of Adolescent Health, 50(1), 66–73. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jadohealth.2011.05.002
- Kann, L. K., McManus, T., Harris, W. A., Shanklin, S. L., Flint, K. H., Queen, B., Lowry, R., Chyen, D., Whittle, L., Thornton, J., Lim, C., Bradford, D., Yamakawa, Y., Leon, M., Brener, N., & Ethier, K. A. (2018). Youth risk behavior surveillance-United States, 2017. MMWR Surveillance Summaries 2018, 67(No. SS–8).
- Kelly, J. A., Lawrence, J. S. S., Hood, H. V., & Brasfield, T. L. (1989). An objective test of AIDS risk behavior knowledge: Scale development, validation, and norms. Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry, 20(3), 227–234. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/0005-7916(89)90027-X
- Killoren, S., Updegraff, K., & Christopher, F. (2011). Family and cultural correlates of Mexican-origin youths’ sexual intentions. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 40(6), 707–718. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1007/s10964-010-9587-5
- Kogan, S. M., Cho, J., Allen, K., Lei, M. K., Beach, S. R., Gibbons, F. X., … Brody, G. H. (2013). Avoiding adolescent pregnancy: A longitudinal analysis of African-American youth. Journal of Adolescent Health, 53(1), 14–20. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jadohealth.2013.01.024
- Kohler, P. K., Manhart, L. E., & Lafferty, W. E. (2008). Abstinence-only and comprehensive sex education and the initiation of sexual activity and teen pregnancy. Journal of Adolescent Health, 42(4), 344–351. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jadohealth.2007.08.026
- Lee, Y. M., Cintron, A., & Kocher, S. (2014). Factors Related to Risky Sexual Behaviors and Effective STI/HIV and Pregnancy Intervention Programs for African American Adolescents. Public Health Nursing, 31(5), 414–427. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1111/phn.12128
- Li, Y., Lerner, J. V., & Lerner, R. M. (2010). Personal and ecological assets and academic competence in early adolescence: The mediating role of school engagement. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 39(7), 801–815. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1007/s10964-010-9535-4
- Little, R. J. A. (1988). A test of missing completely at random for multivariate data with missing values. Journal of the American Statistical Association, 83(404), 1198–1202. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1080/01621459.1988.10478722
- Ma, Z. Q., Fisher, M. A., & Kuller, L. H. (2014). School-based HIV/AIDS education is associated with reduced risky sexual behaviors and better grades with gender and race/ethnicity differences. Health Education Research, 29(2), 330–339. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1093/her/cyt110
- Mahat, G., Scoloveno, M. A., & Scoloveno, R. (2016). HIV/AIDS knowledge, self-efficacy for limiting sexual risk behavior and parental monitoring. Journal of Pediatric Nursing, 31(1), e63–e69. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pedn.2015.06.015
- Malacane, M., & Beckmeyer, J. J. (2016). A review of parent-based barriers to parent-adolescent communication about sex and sexuality: Implications for sex and family educators. American Journal of Sexuality Education, 11(1), 27–40. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1080/15546128.2016.1146187
- Messer, L. C., Halladay, C., Hofert, G., & Sheppard, B. K. (2021). Youth assets and associations with adolescent risk raking. Journal of School Health, 91(1), 37–49. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1111/josh.12973
- Minnick, D. J., & Shandler, L. (2011). Changing adolescent perceptions on teenage pregnancy. Children & Schools, 33(4), 241. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1093/cs/33.4.241
- Montano, D. E., & Kasprzyk, D. (2008). Theory of reasoned action, theory of planned behavior, and the integrated behavioral model. In K. Glanz, B. Rimer, & K. Viswanath (Eds.), Health behavior and health education: Theory, research, and practice, 3rd ed. (pp. 67-96).Jossey-Bass.
- Mueller, T., Gavin, L., Oman, R., Vesely, S., Aspy, C., Tolma, E., & Rodine, S. (2010). Youth Assets and Sexual Risk Behavior: Differences Between Male and Female Adolescents. Health Education and Behavior, 37(3), 343–356. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1177/1090198109344689
- Murry, V. M., Berkel, C., Simons, R. L., Simons, L. G., & Gibbons, F. X. (2014). A twelve‐year longitudinal analysis of positive youth development among rural African American males. Journal of Research on Adolescence, 24(3), 512–525. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1111/jora.12129
- National Association for Social Workers. (2017). Code of ethics. https://www.socialworkers.org/About/Ethics/Code-of-Ethics/Code-of-Ethics-Englishhttps://rhyclearinghouse.acf.hhs.gov/sites/default/files/PosYthDevel.pdf
- Newman, D. A. (2014). Missing data: Five practice guidelines. Organization Research Methods, 17(4), 372–411. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1177/1094428114548590
- Office of Population Affairs. (2019). Positive youth development. https://www.hhs.gov/ash/oah/adolescent-development/positive-youth-development/index.html
- Oman, R. F., Kesely, S. K., Aspy, C. B., Tolma, E. L., Gavin, L., Bensyl, D. M., Mueller, T., & Fluhr, J. D. (2013). A longitudinal study of youth assets, neighborhood conditions and youth sexual behaviors. Journal of Adolescent Health, 52(6), 779–785. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jadohealth.2012.12.005
- Oman, R. F., Lensch, T., Amroussia, N., Clements-Noelle, K., Lu, M., & Yang, Y. (2019). The revised youth asset survey (YAS-R). American Journal of Health Promotion, 33(5), 768–773. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1177/2F0890117118814390
- Oman, R. F., Vesely, S. K., Mcleroy, K. R., Harris-Wyatt, V., Aspy, C. B., Rodine, S., & Marshall, L. (2002). Reliability and validity of the Youth Asset Survey (YAS). Journal of Adolescent Health, 31(3), 247–255. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/S1054-139X(02)00363-4
- Peugh, J. L., & Enders, C. K. (2004). Missing data in educational research: A review of reporting practices and suggestions for improvement. Review of Educational Research, 74(4), 525–556. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.3102/00346543074004525
- Quimby, D., Richards, M., Santiago, C. D., Scott, D., & Puvar, D. (2017). Positive peer association among Black American youth and the roles of ethnic identity and gender. Journal of Research on Adolescence, 28(3), 711–730. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1111/jora.12363
- Randolph, S. D., Coakley, T., Shears, J., & Thorpe, R. J., Jr. (2017). African-American fathers’ perspectives on facilitators to father-son sexual health communication. Research in Nursing Health, 40(3), 229–236. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1002/nur.21789
- Secor-Turner, M., Sieving, R., Garwick, A., Spratt, R., & Duke, N. (2010). Culturally sensitive community engaged research with African American young women: Lessons learned. Journal of Community Health Nursing, 27(3), 160–172. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1080/07370016.2010.494456
- Simms, D. C., & Byers, E. S. (2013). Heterosexual daters’ sexual initiation behaviors: Use of the theory of planned behavior. Archives of Sexual Behavior, 42(1), 105–116. https://psycnet.apa.org/doi/10.1007/s10508-012-9994-7
- So, S., Voisin, D. R., Burnside, A., & Gaylord-Harden, N. K. (2016). Future orientation and health related factors among African American adolescents. Children and Youth Services Review, 61(February), 15–21. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.childyouth.2015.11.026
- St. Lawrence, J. S. (1993). African American adolescents’ knowledge, health-related attitudes, sexual behavior, and contraceptive decisions: Implications for the prevention of adolescent HIV infection. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 61(1), 104. https://psycnet.apa.org/doi/10.1037/0022-006X.61.1.104
- St. Lawrence, J. S., Brasfield, T. L., Jefferson, K. W., Alleyne, E., O’Bannon, R. E., & Shirley, A. (1995). Cognitive-behavioral intervention to reduce African American adolescents’ risk for HIV infection. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 63(2), 221–237. https://psycnet.apa.org/doi/10.1037/0022-006X.63.2.221
- Tolma, E. L., Oman, R. F., Vesely, S. K., Aspy, C. B., Beebe, L., Rodine, S., & Fluhr, J. (2011). Parental youth assets and sexual activity: Difference by race/ethnicity. American Journal of Health Behavior, 35(5), 513–524. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.5993/AJHB.35.5.1
- Tolma, E. L., Vesely, S. K., Oman, R. F., Aspy, C. B., Beebe, L., Rodine, S., Marshall, L., & Fluhr, J. (2008). Youth assets and sexual activity: Differences based on race/ethnicity. Health Educator, 40(2), 59–69.
- Travis, R., & Leech, T. G. (2014). Empowerment‐based positive youth development: A new understanding of healthy development for African American youth. Journal of Research on Adolescence, 24(1), 93–116. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1111/jora.12062
- Tyson, M., Covey, J., & Rosenthal, H. S. (2014). Theory of planned behavior interventions for reducing heterosexual risk behaviors: A meta-analysis. Health Psychology, 22(12), 1454–1467. https://doi.apa.org/doi/10.1037/hea0000047
- Valois, R. F., Kerr, J. C., Hennessy, M., DiClemente, R. J., Brown, L. K., Carey, M. P., Vanable, P. A., Farber, N. B., Salazar, L. F., & Romer, D. (2015). Perceived difficulty of performing selected HIV/AIDS preventive behaviors and life satisfaction: Is there a relationship for African American adolescents? AIDS and Behavior, 19(7), 1288–1297. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1007/s10461-014-0900-2
- Valois, R. F., Zullig, K. J., Huebner, E. S., Kammermann, S. K., & Drane, J. W. (2002). Association between life satisfaction and sexual risk-taking behaviors among adolescents. Journal of Child and Family Studies, 11(4), 427–440. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1020931324426
- Wallace, S. A., Miller, K. S., & Forehand, R. (2008). Perceived peer norms and sexual intentions among African American preadolescents. AIDS Education and Prevention, 20(4), 360–369. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1521/aeap.2008.20.4.360
- Walsh-Buhi, E. R., Marhefka, S. L., Wang, W., Debate, R., Perrin, K., Singleton, A., Ziemba, R., Maness, S. B., Mahony, H., Ziemba, R., Malmi, M., Marwah, E., Hall, K., Turner, D., Blunt-Vinti, H., Noble, S. M., Daley, E. M., & Noble, C. A. (2016). The impact of the teen outreach program on sexuaL intentions and behaviors. Journal of Adolescent Health, 59(3), 283–290. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jadohealth.2016.05.007