Corpus-Based Metaphorical Framing Analysis: WAR Metaphors in Hong Kong Public Discourse

References

• Ahrens, K. (2002). When love is not digested: Underlying reasons for source to target domain pairing in the contemporary theory of metaphor. In Y.-C. Hsiao (Ed.), Proceedings of the First Cognitive Linguistics Conference (pp 273–302). Taipei: Cheng-Chi University.
   Google Scholar
• Ahrens, K. (2010). Mapping principles for conceptual metaphors. In L. Cameron, A. Deignan, G. Low, & Z. Todd (Eds.), Researching and applying metaphor in the real world (pp. 185–207). Amsterdam: John Benjamins.
   Google Scholar
• Ahrens, K. (2011). Examining conceptual metaphor models through lexical frequency patterns: A case study of U.S. presidential speeches. In H. J. Schmid (Ed.), Windows to the mind. Series: Applications of cognitive linguistics (pp. 167–184). Berlin: Mouton De Gruyter.
   Google Scholar
• Ahrens, K. (2019). First lady, secretary of state and presidential candidate: A comparative study of the role-dependent use of metaphor in politics. In P. Julien, M. Reuchamps, & P. Thibodeau (Eds.), Variation in political metaphor discourse approaches to politics (pp. 13–34). Amsterdam: John Benjamins.
   Google Scholar
• Ahrens, K., Chung, S. F., & Huang, C. R. (2003). Conceptual metaphors: Ontology-based representation and corpora driven mapping principles. In Proceedings of the ACL 2003 workshop on Lexicon and figurative, language-Volume 14 (pp.36–42). Sapporo, Japan: Association for Computational Linguistics.
   Google Scholar
• Ahrens, K., Chung, S. F., & Huang, C. R. (2004). From lexical semantics to conceptual metaphors: Mapping principle verification with WordNet and SUMO. In D. H. Ji, L. K. Teng, & H. Wang (Eds.), Recent Advancement in Chinese Lexical Semantics. Proceedings of 5th Chinese Lexical Semantics Workshop (CLSW-5) (pp. 99–106). Singapore: COLIPS.
   Google Scholar
• Ahrens, K., & Jiang, M. (2020). Source domain verification using corpus-based tools. Metaphor and Symbol, 35(1), 43–55. doi:10.1080/10926488.2020.1712783
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ahrens, K., & Lee, S. (2009). Gender versus politics: When conceptual models collide in the U.S. Senate. In K. Ahrens (Ed.), Politics, gender, and conceptual metaphor (pp. 62–82). Basingstoke and New York: Palgrave-MacMillan.
   Google Scholar
• Ahrens, K., & Zeng, W. H. (2022). Referential and evaluative strategies of conceptual metaphor use in government discourse. Journal of Pragmatics, 188, 83–96. doi:10.1016/j.pragma.2021.11.001
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Boeynaems, A., Burgers, C., Konijn, E. A., & Steen, G. J. (2017). The effects of metaphorical framing on political persuasion: A systematic literature review. Metaphor and Symbol, 32(2), 118–134. doi:10.1080/10926488.2017.1297623
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Boukes, M., van de Velde, B., Araujo, T., & Vliegenthart, R. (2020). What’s the tone? Easy doesn’t do it: Analyzing performance and agreement between off-the-shelf sentiment analysis tools. Communication Methods and Measures, 14(2), 83–104. doi:10.1080/19312458.2019.1671966
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brugman, B. C., Burgers, C., & Steen, G. J. (2017). Recategorizing political frames: A systematic review of metaphorical framing in experiments on political communication. Annals of the International Communication Association, 41(2), 181–197. doi:10.1080/23808985.2017.1312481
   Google Scholar
• Brugman, B. C., Burgers, C., & Vis, B. (2019). Metaphorical framing in political discourse through words vs. concepts: A meta-analysis. Language and Cognition, 11(1), 41–65. doi:10.1017/langcog.2019.5
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Burgers, C., & Ahrens, K. (2020). Change in metaphorical framing: metaphors of trade in 225 years of state of the union addresses (1790–2014). Applied Linguistics, 41(2), 260–279. doi:10.1093/applin/amy055
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Burgers, C., Konijn, E. A., & Steen, G. J. (2016). Figurative framing: Shaping public discourse through metaphor, hyperbole, and irony. Communication Theory, 26(4), 410–430. doi:10.1111/comt.12096
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Charteris-Black, J. (2004). Corpus approaches to critical metaphor analysis. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan.
   Google Scholar
• Charteris-Black, J. (2005/2011). Politicians and rhetoric: The persuasive power of metaphor. Basingstoke and New York: Palgrave-MacMillan.
   Google Scholar
• Charteris-Black, J. (2006). Britain as a container: Immigration metaphors in the 2005 election campaign. Discourse & Society, 17(5), 563–581. doi:10.1177/0957926506066345
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Charteris-Black, J. (2009). Metaphor and gender in British parliamentary debates. In A. Kathleen (Ed.), Politics, gender and conceptual metaphors (pp. 139–165). Basingstoke and New York: Palgrave Macmillan.
   Google Scholar
• Charteris-Black, J. (2013). Analysing political speeches: Rhetoric, discourse and metaphor. Basingstoke and New York: Palgrave Macmillan.
   Google Scholar
• Chilton, P., & Ilyin, M. (1993). Metaphor in political discourse: The case of the common European house. Discourse & Society, 4(1), 7–31. doi:10.1177/0957926593004001002
   Google Scholar
• Chung, S. F., & Ahrens, K. (2006). Source domain determination: WordNet-SUMO and collocation. In Proceedings of the 2nd International Conference of the German Cognitive Linguistics Association (pp. 1–4). München, Germany.
   Google Scholar
• Chung, S. F., Ahrens, K., & Huang, C. R. (2004). Using WordNet and SUMO to determine source domains of conceptual metaphors. In J. Donghong, L. K. Teng, & W. Hui (Eds.), Recent Advancement in Chinese Lexical Semantics. Proceedings of 5th Chinese Lexical Semantics Workshop (CLSW-5) (pp. 91–98). Singapore: COLIPS.
   Google Scholar
• Deignan, A. (1995). Collins Cobuild English guides (Vol. 7). Metaphor. London: HarperCollins.
   Google Scholar
• Deignan, A. (2005). Metaphor and corpus linguistics. Amsterdam: John Benjamins.
   Google Scholar
• Entman, R. M. (1993). Framing: Toward clarification of a fractured paradigm. The Journal of Communication, 43(4), 51–58. doi:10.1111/j.1460-2466.1993.tb01304.x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Entman, R. M. (2004). Projections of power: Framing news, public opinion, and US foreign policy. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
   Google Scholar
• Entman, R. M. (2007). Framing bias: Media in the distribution of power. The Journal of Communication, 57(1), 163–173. doi:10.1111/j.1460-2466.2006.00336.x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fellbaum, C. (2005). WordNet and wordnets. In K. Brown (Ed.), Encyclopedia of lANGUAGE AND LINGUISTICS, SECOND EDition (pp. 665–670). Oxford: Elsevier.
   Google Scholar
• Flusberg, S. J., Matlock, T., & Thibodeau, P. H. (2018). War metaphors in public discourse. Metaphor and Symbol, 33(1), 1–18. doi:10.1080/10926488.2018.1407992
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gong, S. P., & Ahrens, K. (2007). Processing conceptual metaphors in on-going discourse. Metaphor and Symbol, 22(4), 313–330. doi:10.1080/10926480701528121
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Huang, C. R., Chung, S. F., & Ahrens, K. (2006). An ontology-based exploration of knowledge systems for metaphor. In K. Rajiv, R. Ramesh, & R. Sharman (Eds.), Ontologies: A handbook of principles, concepts and applications in information systems (Vol. 14, pp. 489–518). New York City: Springer.
   Google Scholar
• Jing-Schmidt, Z., & Peng, X. (2017). Winds and tigers: Metaphor choice in China’s anti-corruption discourse. Lingua Sinica, 3(1), 1–26. doi:10.1186/s40655-016-0017-9
   Google Scholar
• Koller, V. (2004). Metaphor and gender in business media discourse: A critical cognitive study. Basingstoke and New York: Palgrave Macmillan.
   Google Scholar
• Koller, V., & Semino, E. (2009). Metaphor, politics and gender: A case study from Germany. In A. Kathleen (Ed.), Politics, gender, and conceptual metaphors (pp. 9–35). Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan.
   Google Scholar
• Kosicki, G. M., & Pan, Z. (2001). Framing as a strategic action in public deliberation. In S. D. Reese, O. H. Gandy Jr, & A. E. Grant (Eds.), Framing public life: Perspectives on media and our understanding of the social world. Framing public life (pp. 51–82). London: Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Kövecses, Z. (2003). Metaphor and emotion: Language, culture, and body in human feeling. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Kövecses, Z. (2017). Levels of metaphor. Cognitive Linguistics, 28(2), 321–347. doi:10.1515/cog-2016-0052
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kövecses, Z. (2020). An extended view of conceptual metaphor theory. Review of cognitive linguistics. Published Under the Auspices of the Spanish Cognitive Linguistics Association, 18(1), 112–130. doi:10.1075/rcl.00053.kov
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lakoff, G. (1993). The contemporary theory of metaphor. In A. Ortony (Ed.), Metaphor and thought (2nd ed.) (pp. 202–250). Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Lakoff, G. (1996). Moral politics: What conservatives know that liberals don’t. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
   Google Scholar
• Lakoff, G. (2002). Moral politics: How liberals and conservatives think. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
   Google Scholar
• Lakoff, G. (2004/2014). Don’t think of an elephant! [2^nd edition published as Don’t think of an elephant! Know your values and frame the debate]. White River Junction, VT: Chelsea Green.
   Google Scholar
• Lakoff, G. (2008). The political mind: A cognitive scientist’s guide to your brain and its politics. New York: Penguin.
   Google Scholar
• Lakoff, G., & Johnson, M. (1980/2003). Metaphors we live by. Chicago, IL: The University of Chicago Press.
   Google Scholar
• Landis, J. R., & Koch, G. G. (1977). The measurement of observer agreement for 817 categorical data. Biometric, 33(1), 159–174.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lim, E. T. (2004). Five trends in presidential rhetoric: An analysis of rhetoric from George Washington to Bill Clinton. Presidential Studies Quarterly, 32(2), 328–348. doi:10.1111/j.0360-4918.2002.00223.x
   Google Scholar
• Lu, L. W. L., & Ahrens, K. (2008). Ideological influences on BUILDING metaphors in Taiwanese presidential speeches. Discourse & Society, 19(3), 383–408. doi:10.1177/0957926508088966
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Musolff, A. (2000). Political imagery of Europe: A house without exit doors? Journal of Multilingual and Multicultural Development, 21(3), 216–229. doi:10.1080/01434630008666402
   Google Scholar
• Musolff, A. (2004). Metaphor and political discourse: Analogical reasoning in debates about Europe. Basingstoke and New York: Palgrave Macmillan.
   Google Scholar
• Niles, I., & Pease, A. (2001). Towards a standard upper ontology. In Proceedings of the international conference on Formal Ontology in Information Systems FOIS 2001 (pp. 2–9). Ogunquit, Maine.
   Google Scholar
• Pan, Z., & Kosicki, G. M. (1993). Framing analysis: An approach to news discourse. Political Communication, 10(1), 55–75. doi:10.1080/10584609.1993.9962963
   Google Scholar
• Philip, G. (2009). Non una donna in politica, ma una donna politica: Women’s political language in an Italian context. In K. Ahrens (Ed.), Politics, gender and conceptual metaphors (pp. 83–111). Basingstoke and New York: Palgrave-MacMillan.
   Google Scholar
• Quinsaat, S. (2014). Competing news frames and hegemonic discourses in the construction of contemporary immigration and immigrants in the United States. Mass Communication and Society, 17(4), 573–596. doi:10.1080/15205436.2013.816742
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Scheufele, D. A. (1999). Framing as a theory of media effects. The Journal of Communication, 49(1), 103–122. doi:10.1111/j.1460-2466.1999.tb02784.x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Scott, M. (1997). PC analysis of key words—and key key words. System, 25(2), 233–245. doi:10.1016/S0346-251X(97)00011-0
   Google Scholar
• Semino, E., Demjén, Z., & Demmen, J. (2018). An integrated approach to metaphor and framing in cognition, discourse, and practice, with an application to metaphors for cancer. Applied Linguistics, 39(5), 625–645. doi:10.1080/10926480802426753
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Semino, E., & Koller, V. (2009). Metaphor, politics and gender: A case study from Italy. In A. Kathleen (Ed.), Politics, gender and conceptual metaphors (pp. 36–61). Basingstoke and New York: Palgrave Macmillan.
   Google Scholar
• Steen, G. (2008). The paradox of metaphor: Why we need a three-dimensional model of metaphor. Metaphor and Symbol, 23(4), 213–241. doi:10.1080/10926480802426753
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Steen, G. (2017). Deliberate metaphor theory: Basic assumptions, main tenets, urgent issues. Intercultural Pragmatics, 14(1), 1–24. doi:10.1515/ip-2017-0001
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Steen, G. J., Dorst, A. G., Herrmann, J. B., Kaal, A., Krennmayr, T., & Pasma, T. (2010). A method for linguistic metaphor identification: From MIP to MIPVU (Vol. 14). Amsterdam: John Benjamins Publishing.
   Google Scholar
• Stefanowitsch, A. (2004). HAPPINESS in English and German: Ametaphorical-pattern analysis. In M. Achard, & S. Kemmer (Eds.), Language, Culture, and Mind (pp. 137–149). Chicago: CSLI Publications.
   Google Scholar
• Stefanowitsch, A. (2005). The function of metaphor: Developing a corpus-based perspective. International Journal of Corpus Linguistics, 10(2), 161–198. doi:10.1075/ijcl.10.2.03ste
   Google Scholar
• Stefanowitsch, A. (2006a). Corpus-based approaches to metaphor and metonymy. In A. Stefanowitsch & S. T. Gries (Eds.), Corpus- based approaches to metaphor and metonymy (pp. 1–16). Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter.
   Google Scholar
• Stefanowitsch, A. (2006b). Words and their metaphors: A corpus-based approach. In A. Stefanowitsch & S. T. Gries (Eds.), Corpus-based approaches to metaphor and metonymy (pp. 63–105). Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter.
   Google Scholar
• van Atteveldt, W., van der Velden, M. A., & Boukes, M. (2021). The validity of sentiment analysis: Comparing manual annotation, crowd-coding, dictionary approaches, and machine learning algorithms. Communication Methods and Measures, 15(2), 121–140. doi:10.1080/19312458.2020.1869198
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wimmer, R. D., & Dominick, J. R. (2013). Mass media research: An introduction (Tenth Edition. ed.). Belmont, CA: Wadsworth.
   Google Scholar
• Zeng, H., Burgers, C., & Ahrens, K. (2021). Framing metaphor use over time: ‘Free Economy’ metaphors in Hong Kong political discourse (1997-2017). Lingua, 252, 102955. doi:10.1016/j.lingua.2020.102955
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zeng, H., Tay, D., & Ahrens, K. (2020). A multifactorial analysis of metaphors in political discourse: Gendered influence in Hong Kong political speeches. Metaphor and the Social World, 10(1), 139–166. doi:10.1075/msw.19016.zen
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar