The Relationship between a Family-Focused Preventive Intervention, Parenting Practices, and Exposure to Violence during the Transition to Adolescence: Testing a Mediational Model

REFERENCES

• Baron , R. M. and Kenny , D. A. 1986 . The moderator–mediator variable distinction in social psychological research: Conceptual, strategic and statistical considerations . Journal of Personality and Social Psychology , 51 : 1173 – 1182 . doi: 10.1037/0022-3514.51.6.1173
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bell , C. C. and Jenkins , E. J. 1994 . Community violence and children on Chicago's Southside . Psychiatry: Interpersonal and Biological Processes , 56 : 46 – 54 .
   Google Scholar
• Botvin , G. J. , Griffin , K. W. and Nichols , T. D. 2006 . Preventing youth violence and delinquency through a universal school-based approach . Prevention Science , 7 : 403 – 408 . doi: 10.1007/s11121-006-0057-y
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bowman , M. , Prelow , H. and Weaver , S. 2007 . Parenting behaviors, association with deviant peers, and delinquency in African American adolescents: A mediated-moderation model . Journal of Youth and Adolescence , 36 : 517 – 527 . doi: 10.1007/s10964-006-9117-7
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bronfenbrenner , U. 1979 . The ecology of human development: Experiments by nature and design , Cambridge , MA : Harvard University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Cicchetti , D. and Lynch , M. 1993 . Toward an ecological/transactional model of community violence and child maltreatment: Consequences for children's development . Psychiatry , 56 : 96 – 118 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Conduct Problems Prevention Research Group. (1991). Parent-Teacher Involvement Questionnaire: Parent version http://www.fasttrackproject.org/techrept/p/ptp/index.php (http://www.fasttrackproject.org/techrept/p/ptp/index.php)
   Google Scholar
• Cooley , M. , Turner , S. and Beidel , D. 1995 . Assessing community violence: The Children's Report of Exposure to Violence . Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry , 34 : 201 – 208 . doi: 10.1097/00004583-199502000-00015
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cooley-Quille , M. , Boyd , R. C. , Frantz , E. and Walsh , J. 2001 . Emotional and behavioral impact of exposure to community violence in inner-city adolescents . Journal of Clinical Child Psychology , 30 : 199 – 206 . doi: 10.1207/S15374424JCCP3002_7
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cooper , C. R. , Grotevant , H. D. and Condon , S. M. 1983 . Individuality and connectedness in the family as a context for adolescent identity formation and role-taking skill . New Directions for Child and Adolescent Development , 22 : 43 – 59 . doi: 10.1002/cd.23219832205
   Google Scholar
• Finkelhor , D. , Turner , H. , Ormrod , R. and Hamby , S. L. 2009 . Violence, abuse, and crime exposure in a national sample of children and youth . Pediatrics , 124 : 1411 – 1423 . doi: 10.1542/peds.2009-0467
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Furstenberg , F. 1993 . “ How families manage risk and opportunity in dangerous neighborhoods ” . In Sociology and the public agenda , Edited by: Wilson , W. J. 213 – 258 . Newbury Park , CA : Sage .
   Google Scholar
• Gorman-Smith , D. , Henry , D. B. and Tolan , P. H. 2004 . Exposure to community violence and violence perpetration: The protective effects of family functioning . Journal of Child Clinical and Adolescent Psychology , 33 : 439 – 449 . doi: 10.1207/s15374424jccp3303_2
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gorman-Smith , D. and Tolan , P. H. 1998 . The role of exposure to community violence and developmental problems among inner-city youth . Development and Psychopathology , 10 : 101 – 116 . doi: 10.1017/S0954579498001539
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gorman-Smith , D. , Tolan , P. H. and Henry , D. B. 2000 . A developmental-ecological model of the relation of family functioning to patterns of delinquency . Journal of Quantitative Criminology , 16 : 169 – 198 . doi: 10.1023/A:1007564505850
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gorman-Smith , D. , Tolan , P. H. , Zelli , A. and Huesmann , L. R. 1996 . The relation of family functioning to violence among inner-city minority youths . Journal of Family Psychology , 10 : 115 – 129 . doi: 10.1037/0893-3200.10.2.115
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Graber , J. A. and Brooks-Gunn , J. 1996 . Transitions and turning points: Navigating the passage from childhood to adolescence . Developmental Psychology , 32 : 768 – 776 . doi: 10.1037/0012-1649.32.4.768
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hanson , R. F. , Borntrager , C. , Self-Brown , S. , Kilpatrick , D. G. , Saunders , B. E. , Resnick , H. S. and Amstadter , A. 2008 . Relations among gender, violence exposure, and mental health: The National Survey of Adolescents . American Journal of Orthopsychiatry , 78 : 313 – 321 . doi: 10.1037/a0014056
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hayes , L. , Hudson , A. and Matthews , J. 2003 . Parental monitoring: A process model of parent–adolescent interaction . Behaviour Change , 20 : 13 – 24 . doi: 10.1375/bech.20.1.13.24844
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Henrich , C. C. , Schwab-Stone , M. , Fanti , K. , Jones , S. M. and Ruchkin , V. 2004 . The association of community violence exposure with middle school achievement: A prospective study . Journal of Applied Developmental Psychology , 25 : 327 – 348 . doi: 10.1016/j.appdev.2004.04.004
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Henry , D. B. , Farrell , A. D. and Multisite Violence Prevention Project . 2004 . The study designed by a committee: Design of the Multisite Violence Prevention Project . American Journal of Preventive Medicine , 26 : 12 – 19 . doi: 10.1016/j.amepre.2003.09.027
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Henry , D. B. , Miller-Johnson , S. , Simon , T. R. , Schoeny , M. E. and Multisite Violence Prevention Project . 2006 . Validity of teacher ratings in selecting influential aggressive adolescents for a targeted preventive intervention . Prevention Science , 7 : 31 – 41 . doi: 10.1007/s11121-005-0004-3
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• MacKinnon , D. P. 2008 . Introduction to statistical mediation analysis , New York , NY : Routledge .
   Google Scholar
• MacKinnon , D. P. , Lockwood , C. M. , Hoffman , J. M. , West , S. G. and Sheets , V. 2002 . A comparison of methods to test mediation and other intervening variable effects . Psychological Methods , 7 : 83 – 104 . doi: 10.1037/1082-989X.7.1.83
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McCart , M. R. , Priester , P. E. , Davies , W. H. and Razia , A. 2006 . Differential effectiveness of behavioral parent-training and cognitive behavioral therapy for antisocial youth: A meta-analysis . Journal of Abnormal Psychology , 34 : 527 – 543 . doi: 10.1007/s10802-006-9031-1
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Meyer , A. L. , Allison , K. W. , Reese , L. R. E. , Gay , F. N. and Multisite Violence Prevention Project . 2004 . Choosing to be violence free in middle school: The student component of the GREAT schools and families universal program . American Journal of Preventive Medicine , 26 : 20 – 28 . doi: 10.1016/j.amepre.2003.09.014
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• The Multisite Violence Prevention Project . 2009 . The ecological effects of universal and selective violence prevention programs for middle school students: A randomized trial . Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology , 77 : 526 – 542 . doi: 10.1037/a0014395
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• The Multisite Violence Prevention Project . 2012 . The impact of universal versus selective approaches to prevention on high-risk, socially-influential middle school students . Journal of Clinical Child Psychology , Manuscript under review.
   Google Scholar
• Murry , V. M. , Berkel , C. , Brody , G. H. , Gibbons , M. and Gibbons , F. X. 2007 . The Strong African American Families Program: Longitudinal pathways to sexual risk reduction . Journal of Adolescent Health , 41 : 333 – 342 . doi: 10.1016/j.jadohealth.2007.04.003
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Muthén , L. K. and Muthén , B. O. 2007 . Mplus user's guide , 5th , Los Angeles , CA : Author .
   Google Scholar
• Orpinas , P. , Horne , A. M. and Multisite Violence Prevention Project . 2004 . A teacher-focused approach to prevent and reduce students’ aggressive behavior—The GREAT Teacher Program . American Journal of Preventive Medicine , 26 : 29 – 38 . doi: 10.1016/j.amepre.2003.09.016
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Piquero , A. R. , Farrington , D. P. , Welsh , B. C. , Tremblay , R. and Jennings , W. G. 2008 . Effects of early family/parent training programs on antisocial behavior and delinquency . Journal of Experimental Criminology , 5 : 83 – 120 . doi: 10.1007/s11292-009-9072-x
   Google Scholar
• Quinn , W. H. 2004 . Family solutions for youth at risk: Applications to juvenile delinquency, truancy, and behavior problems , New York : Brunner-Routledge .
   Google Scholar
• Quinn , W. H. , Hall , D. B. , Smith , E. P. and Rabiner , D. 2010 . Predictors of family participation in a multiple family group intervention for aggressive middle school students . Journal of Community Psychology , 38 : 227 – 244 . doi: 10.1002/jcop.20361
   Google Scholar
• Richters , J. and Martinez , P. 1993 . The NIMH community violence project I: Children as victims of and witnesses to violence . Psychiatry: Interpersonal and Biological Processes , 56 : 7 – 21 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schwab-Stone , M. E. , Ayers , T. S. , Kasprow , W. , Voyce , C. , Barone , C. , Shriver , T. and Weissberg , R. P. 1995 . No safe haven: A study of violence exposure in an urban community . Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry , 34 : 1343 – 1352 . doi: 10.1097/00004583-199510000-00020
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shanahan , L. , McHale , S. M. , Crouter , A. C. and Osgood , D. W. 2007 . Warmth with mothers and fathers from middle childhood to late adolescence: Within- and between-families comparisons . Developmental Psychology , 43 : 551 – 563 . doi: 10.1037/0012-1649.43.3.551
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shanahan , L. , McHale , S. M. , Osgood , D. W. and Crouter , A. C. 2007 . Conflict frequency with mothers and fathers from middle childhood to late adolescence: Within- and between-family comparisons . Developmental Psychology , 43 : 539 – 550 . doi: 10.1037/0012-1649.43.3.539
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sheidow , A. J. , Gorman-Smith , D. , Tolan , P. H. and Henry , D. B. 2001 . Family and community characteristics: Risk factors for violence exposure in inner-city youth . Journal of Community Psychology , 29 : 345 – 360 . doi: 10.1002/jcop.1021
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Smith , E. P. , Gorman-Smith , D. , Quinn , W. H. , Rabiner , D. L. , Tolan , P. H. , Winn , D. M. and The Multisite Violence Prevention Project . 2004 . Community-based multiple family groups to prevent and reduce violent and aggressive behavior: The GREAT Families Program . American Journal of Preventive Medicine , 26 ( Suppl.1 ) : 39 – 47 . doi: 10.1016/j.amepre.2003.09.018
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Spano , R. , Rivera , C. and Bolland , J. 2006 . The impact of timing of exposure to violence on violent behavior in a high poverty sample of inner city African American youth . Journal of Youth and Adolescence , 35 : 681 – 692 . doi: 10.1007/s10964-006-9080-3
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Spano , R. , Rivera , C. and Bolland , J. M. 2011 . Does parenting shield youth from exposure to violence during adolescence? A 5-year longitudinal test in a high-poverty sample of minority youth . Journal of Interpersonal Violence , 26 : 930 – 949 . doi: 10.1177/0886260510365873
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Spano , R. , Vazsonyi , A. and Bolland , J. 2009 . Does parenting mediate the effects of exposure to violence on violent behavior? An ecological-transactional model of community violence . Journal of Adolescence , 32 : 1321 – 1341 . doi: 10.1016/j.adolescence.2008.12.003
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Spoth , R. , Clair , S. , Greenberg , M. , Redmond , C. and Shin , C. 2007 . Toward dissemination of evidence-based family interventions: Maintenance of community-based partnership recruitment results and associated factors . Journal of Family Psychology , 21 : 137 – 146 . doi: 10.1037/0893-3200.21.2.137
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stein , B. D. , Jaycox , L. H. , Kataoka , S. , Rhodes , H. J. and Vestal , K. D. 2003 . Prevalence of child and adolescent exposure to community violence . Clinical Child and Family Psychology Review , 6 : 247 – 264 . doi: 10.1023/B:CCFP.0000006292.61072.d2
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Szapocznik , J. and Coatsworth , J. D. 1999 . “ An ecodevelopmental framework for organizing the influences on drug abuse: A developmental model of risk and protection ” . In Drug abuse: Origins and interventions , Edited by: Glantz , M. and Hartel , C. R. 331 – 366 . Washington , DC : American Psychological Association .
   Google Scholar
• Tolan , P. H. and Gorman-Smith , D. 1997 . “ Families and the development of urban children ” . In Children and youth: Interdisciplinary perspectives , Edited by: Walberg , H. J. , Reyes , O. and Weissberg , R. P. 67 – 91 . Thousand Oaks , CA : Sage .
   Google Scholar
• Tolan , P. H. , Gorman-Smith , D. and Henry , D. 2004 . Supporting families in a high-risk setting: Proximal effects of the SAFEChildren preventive intervention . Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology , 72 : 855 – 869 . doi: 10.1037/0022-006X.72.5.855
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Weaver , S. and Prelow , H. 2005 . A mediated-moderation model of maternal parenting style, association with deviant peers, and problem behaviors in urban African American and European American adolescents . Journal of Clinical and Family Studies , 14 : 343 – 356 .
   Google Scholar
• Woolfenden , S. , Williams , K. J. and Peat , J. 2001 . Family and parenting interventions in children and adolescents with conduct disorder and delinquency aged 10–17 . Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews , 2 : 1 – 31 . doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD003015
   Google Scholar