Assessment of the extent of bacterial growth in reverse osmosis system for improving drinking water quality

References

• Wingender , J. and Flemming , H.-C. 2004 . Contamination potential of drinking water distribution network biofilms . Water Sci. Technol. , 49 ( 11–12 ) : 277 – 286 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• September , S. M. , Els , F. A. , Venter , S. N. and Brözel , V. S. 2007 . Prevalence of bacterial pathogens in biofilms of drinking water distribution systems . J. Water Health , 5 ( 2 ) : 219 – 227 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Laurent , P. , Servais , P. , Gatel , D. , Randon , G. , Bonne , P. and Cavard , J. 1999 . Microbiological quality before and after nanofiltration . J. Am. Water Works Assoc. , 91 ( 10 ) : 63 – 72 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Peltier , S. , Cotte , M. , Gatel , D. , Herremans , L. and Cavard , J. 2003 . Nanofiltration: improvements of water quality in a large distribution system . Water Sci. Technol.: Water Supply , 3 ( 1–2 ) : 193 – 200 .
   Google Scholar
• Meylan , S. , Hammes , F. , Traber , J. , Salhi , E. , von Gunten , U. and Pronk , W. 2007 . Permeability of low molecular weight organics through nanofiltration membranes . Water Res. , 41 ( 17 ) : 3968 – 3976 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chellam , S. , Jacangelo , J. G. , Bonacquisti , T. P. and Schauer , B. A. 1997 . Effect of pretreatment on surface water nanofiltration . J. Am. Water Works Assoc. , 89 ( 10 ) : 77 – 89 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gagliardo , P. , Adham , S. , Trussell , R. and Olivieri , A. 1998 . Water repurification via reverse osmosis . Desalination , 117 ( 1–3 ) : 73 – 78 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Adham , S. S. , Trussell , R. S. , Gagliardo , P. F. and Trussell , R. R. 1998 . Rejection of MS-2 virus by RO membranes . J. Am. Water Works Assoc. , 90 ( 9 ) : 130 – 135 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Koyuncu , I. 2002 . Effect of operating conditions on the separation of ammonium and nitrate ions with nanofiltration and reverse osmosis membranes . J. Environ. Sci. Health, Part. A, , 3 ( 7 ) : 1347 – 1359 .
   Google Scholar
• Drewes , J. , Reinhard , M. and Fox , P. 2003 . Comparing microfiltration-reverse osmosis and soil-aquifer treatment for indirect potable reuse . Water Res. , 37 ( 15 ) : 3612 – 3621 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yoon , Y. and Lueptow , R. M. 2005 . Removal of organic contaminants by RO and NF membranes . J. Membr. Sci. , 261 ( 1–2 ) : 76 – 86 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Payment , P. , Franco , E. , Richardson , L. and Siemiatycki , J. 1991 . Gastrointestinal health effects associated with the consumption of drinking water produced by point-of-use domestic reverse-osmosis filtration units . Appl. Environ. Microbiol. , 57 ( 4 ) : 945 – 948 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Liu , S. B. , LePuil , M. , Taylor , J. S. and Randall , A. A. 2007 . Nanofiltration and reverse osmosis biostability relative to alternative methods of water treatment . J. Water Supply Res. Technol.-Aqua , 56 ( 1 ) : 25 – 40 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Escobar , I. C. , Hong , S. and Randall , A. A. 2000 . Removal of assimilable organic carbon and biodegradable dissolved organic carbon by reverse osmosis and nanofiltration membranes . J. Membr. Sci. , 175 ( 1 ) : 1 – 17 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Meckes , M. C. , Haught , R. C. , Kelty , K. , Blannon , J. C. and Cmehil , D. 2007 . Impact on water distribution system biofilm densities from reverse osmosis membrane treatment of supply . J. Environ. Eng. Sci. , 6 ( 4 ) : 449 – 454 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• van Kooij , d er and Assimilable , D. 1992 . organic carbon as an indicator of bacterial regrowth . J. Am. Water Works Assoc. , 84 ( 2 ) : 57 – 65 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Volk , C. J. and LeChevallier , M. W. 2000 . Assessing biodegradable organic matter . J. Am. Water Works Assoc. , 9 ( 5 ) : 64 – 76 .
   Google Scholar
• Dukan , S. , Levi , Y. , Piriou , P. , Guyon , F. and Villon , P. 1996 . Dynamic modelling of bacterial growth in drinking water networks . Water Res. , 30 ( 9 ) : 1991 – 2002 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schäfer , A. I. , Pihlajamaki , A. , Fane , A. G. , Waite , T. D. and Nystrom , M. 2004 . Natural organic matter removal by nanofiltration: effects of solution chemistry on retention of low molar mass acids versus bulk organic matter . J. Membr. Sci. , 242 ( 1–2 ) : 73 – 85 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Saby , S. , Sibille , I. , Mathieu , L. , Paquin , J. L. and Block , J. C. 1997 . Influence of water chlorination on the counting of bacteria with DAPI (4′,6-diamidino-2-phenylindole) . Appl. Environ. Microbiol. , 63 ( 4 ) : 1564 – 1569 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• 1998 . Standard Methods for the Examination of Water and Wastewater, , 20th ed. , Washington, DC : American Public Health Association, American Water Works Association and Water Environment Federation .
   Google Scholar
• Childress , A. E. and Elimelech , M. 1996 . Effect of solution chemistry on the surface charge of polymeric reverse osmosis and nanofiltration membranes . J. Membr. Sci. , 119 ( 2 ) : 253 – 268 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• van Voorthuizen , E. M. , Zwijnenburg , A. and Wessling , M. 2005 . Nutrient removal by NF and RO membranes in a decentralized sanitation system . Water Res. , 39 ( 15 ) : 3657 – 3667 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Manuel , C. M. , Nunes , O. C. and Melo , L. F. 2007 . Dynamics of drinking water biofilm in flow/non-flow conditions . Water Res. , 41 ( 33 ) : 551 – 562 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Characklis , W. G. and Marshall , K. C. 1990 . Biofilms , New York : John Wiley & Sons, Inc. .
   Google Scholar
• Melo , L. F. and Bott , T. R. 1997 . Biofouling in water systems . Exp. Therm. Fluid Sci. , 14 ( 4 ) : 375 – 381 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Melo , L. F. and Vieira , M. J. 1999 . Physical stability and biological activity of biofilms under turbulent flow and low substrate concentration . Bioprocess Eng. , 20 ( 4 ) : 363 – 368 .
   Google Scholar
• Pereira , M. O. , Kuehn , M. , Wuertz , S. , Neu , T. R. and Melo , L. F. 2002 . Effect of Flow Regime on the Architecture of a Pseudomonas fluorescens Biofilm . Biotechnol. Bioeng. , 78 ( 2 ) : 164 – 171 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Boe-Hansen , R. , Albrechtsen , H.-J. , Arvin , E. and Jørgensen , C. 2002 . Bulk water phase and biofilm growth in drinking water at low nutrient conditions . Water Res. , 36 ( 18 ) : 4477 – 4486 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Meylan , S. , Hammes , F. , Traber , J. , Salhi , E. , von Gunten , U. and Pronk , W. 2007 . Permeability of low molecular weight organics through nanofiltration membranes . Water Res. , 41 ( 17 ) : 3968 – 3976 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Madaeni , S. S. 1999 . The application of membrane technology for water disinfection . Water Res. , 33 ( 2 ) : 301 – 308 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Silbaq , S. S. 2009 . Viable ultramicrocells in drinking water . J. Appl. Microbiol. , 106 ( 1 ) : 106 – 117 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Koyuncu , I. and Yazgan , M. 2001 . Application of nanofiltration and reverse osmosis membranes to the salty and polluted surface water . J. Environ. Sci. Health. Pt. A , 36 ( 7 ) : 1321 – 1333 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Peng , W. and Escobar , I. C. 2003 . Rejection efficiency of water quality parameters by reverse osmosis and nanofiltration membranes . Environ. Sci. Tech. , 37 ( 19 ) : 4435 – 4441 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Liikanen , R. , Miettinen , I. and Laukkanen , R. 2003 . Selection of NF membrane to improve quality of chemically treated surface water . Water Res. , 37 ( 4 ) : 864 – 872 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schwartz , T. , Hoffmann , S. and Obst , U. 1998 . Formation and bacterial composition of young, natural biofilms obtained from public bank-filtered drinking water systems . Water Res. , 32 ( 9 ) : 2787 – 2797 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Srinivasan , S. , Harrington , G. W. , Xagoraraki , I. and Goel , R. 2008 . Factors affecting bulk to total bacteria ratio in drinking water distribution systems . Water Res. , 42 ( 13 ) : 3393 – 3404 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sibille , I. , Mathieu , L. , Paquin , J. L. , Gatel , D. and Block , J. C. 1997 . Microbial characteristics of a distribution system fed with nanofiltered drinking water . Water Res. , 31 ( 9 ) : 2318 – 2326 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kulakow , L. A. , McAlister , M. B. , Ogden , K. L. , Larkin , M. J. and O'Hanlon , J. F. 2002 . Analysis of bacteria contaminating ultrapure water in industrial systems . Appl. Environ. Microbiol. , 68 ( 4 ) : 1548 – 1555 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McAlister , M. B. , Kulakov , L. A. , O'Hanlon , J. F. , Larkin , M. J. and Ogden , K. L. 2002 . Survival and nutritional requirements of three bacteria isolated from ultrapure water . J. Ind. Microbiol. Biot. , 29 ( 2 ) : 75 – 82 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pedersen , K. 1990 . Biofilm development on stainless steel and PVC surfaces in drinking water . Water Res. , 24 ( 2 ) : 239 – 243 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Block , J. C. , Haudidier , K. , Paquin , J. L. , Miazga , J. and Lévi , Y. 1993 . Biofilm accumulation in drinking water distribution systems . Biofouling , 6 ( 4 ) : 333 – 343 .
   Google Scholar
• Ellis , B. D. , Butterfield , P. , Jones , W. L. , McFeters , G. A. and Camper , A. K. 2000 . Effects of carbon source, carbon concentration and chlorination on growth related parameters of heterotrophic biofilm bacteria . Microb. Ecol. , 38 ( 4 ) : 330 – 347 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Codony , F. , Morato , J. and Mas , J. 2005 . Role of discontinuous chlorination on microbial production by drinking water biofilms . Water Res. , 39 ( 9 ) : 1896 – 1906 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Flemming , H. C. 1993 . Biofilms and environmental protection . Water Sci. Technol. , 27 ( 7–8 ) : 1 – 10 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar