Measurement of blood‐lead levels in school children of Jeddah Saudi Arabia and assessment of sub‐toxic levels of lead on some sensitive hematological parameters

References

• Pernis , B. , DePetris , S. and Beard , RR . 1964 . Karlsbud.:The Ultra‐structure of Red Cells in Experimental Lead Poisoning . Med. Lavoro , 55 : 81
   Google Scholar
• El‐Shahat , MF , Fares , R. , El‐Deek , MA and Seoudi , M. 1978 . Blood Picture in Cases of Lead Poisoning . J. Faculty of Science, Riyad University , 9 : 157 – 160 .
   Google Scholar
• Butt , EU , Nusbaum , RE , Gilmbur , TC and Didio , SC . 1964 . Sister Miriano: Trace Metal Levels in Human Serum & Blood . Arch. Environ. Health , 8 : 52 – 57 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Clark , M. , Royal , J. and Seeler , R. 1988 . Interaction of Iron Deficiency and Lead and the Hematologic Findings in Children with Severe Lead Poisoning . Pediatrics (USA) , 81 : 247 – 254 .
   Google Scholar
• World Health Organisation . 1977 . Environmental Health Criteria 3 : Lead , 104 110 – 112 . Geneva : WHO .
   Google Scholar
• Samanidou , V. , Fytianos , K. , Vasilikiotis , G. and Vlaikidis , N. 1988 . Lead Concentrations in Airborne Particulates and Blood in the Area of Thessaloniki, Greece . J. Environ. Sci. Health , A23 : 199 – 204 .
   Google Scholar
• Center for Disease Control, USA . 1978 . Preventing Lead Poisoning in Young Children . J. Pediatrics , 93 : 709 – 720 .
   Google Scholar
• Center for Disease Control . 1985 . USA s Preventing Lead Poisoning in Young Children , Atlanta : US DHHS, PHS .
   Google Scholar
• Boeckx , RL . 1986 . Lead Poisoning in Children . Anal. Chem. , 58 : 274A – 287A .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Angle , CR and McIntire , MS . 1979 . Environmental Lead and Children: The Omaha Study . J. Toxicol. Environ. Health , 5 : 855 – 870 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Secchi , GC , Alessio , L. and Cambiogghi , G. 1973 . Na‐K‐ATPase Activity of Erythrocyte Membrane . Arch. Environ. Health. , 28 : 131 – 132 .
   Google Scholar
• Ahmad , P. , Kutbi , II , Abulfaraj , WH and Ahmed , M. 1988 . Measurements of Hair Lead Concentrations in Children of Four Cities in Saudi Arabia . Environment International , 14 : 237 – 242 .
   Google Scholar
• Abdullah , MA . 1984 . Lead Poisoning among Children in Saudi Arabia . J. Tropical Med. Hygiene , 87 : 67 – 70 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Subramanian , KS . 1986 . Graphite Furnace Determination of Metals in Blood . Prog. Analyt. Spectrosc. , 9 : 237 – 334 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Posma , FD , Balke , J and Stuik , EJ . 1975 . Microdetermination of Cd and Pb in Whole Blood by Flameless AAS using Carbon Tube & Cup as Sample Cell and Comparison with Flame Studies . Anal.Chem. , 47 : 834 – 838 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Voth‐Beach , LM and Shrader , DE . 1986 . Graphite Furnace Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy : New Approaches to Matrix Modification . Spectroscopy , October issue
   Google Scholar
• Halls , DJ. 1984 . Speeding Up Determination by Electrothermal AAS . Analyst(London) , 109 : 1081 – 1085 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Que‐Hee , SS , Macdonald , TJ and Bornschein , RL . 1985 . Blood Lead by Furnace Zeeman Atomic Absorption Spectro‐photometry . Microchemica‐1 Journal , 32 : 55 – 63 .
   Google Scholar
• Brodie , KG and Routh , MW . 1984 . Trace Analysis of Lead in Blood, Aluminium and Manganese in Serum and Chromium in Urine by Graphite Furnace Atomic Absorption Spectrometry . Clin. Biochem. , 17 : 19 – 26 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wang , ST , Pizzolato , S and Peter , F . 1988 . Sci. Total Environ. , 71 : 37 – 43 .
   Google Scholar
• Taskinen , NH and Hernberg , S . 1981 . Blood Lead Levels in Finnish Preschool Children . Sci. Total Environ. , 20 : 117 – 129 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vahter , M . 1982 . Assessment of Human Exposure to Lead and Cadmium through Biological Monitoring , Stockholm : Karolinska Institute .
   Google Scholar
• Popovac , D. , Joseph , G. and Carot , S. 1982 . Elevated Blood Lead Level in a Population near a Lead Smelter in Kosovo, Yugoslavia . Arch. Environ. Health , 37 : 19 – 23 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Grimes , H. , Sayers , M. , Cernik , A. and Sweets , J. 1975 . Note on Lead Exposure of Children : Commission in UK, Ireland , Report No.V/F/1491/75 7 Commission of the European Economic Community .
   Google Scholar
• 1985 . Meteorology & Environment Protection Administration, Saudi Arabia.: Lead Levels in Air and in School Children's Blood in Jeddah.KSA , MEPA Report l4
   Google Scholar
• Wintrobe , MM . 1974 . Normal Values for Red Blood Cells at Various Ages, in ‘Clinical Hematology’, , 7th Edition , Philadelphia, , USA : Lea & Febiger & Co. .
   Google Scholar
• Poulos , LS , Qammaz , S. , Athanaseh , S. , Maravelias , C. and Koutselinis , A. 1986 . Statistically Significant Hemato‐poietic Effects of Low Blood Lead Levels . Arch. Environ.Health. , 41 : 384 – 386 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ahmed , M. , Kutbi , II and Ahmad , P. 1989 . Study of Lead Pollution in School Children in Saudi Arabia : a National Survey of Hair‐Pb Levels in School Children , Final Report, Project No.AR7–094 Riyadh : King Abdulaziz City for Science & Technology (KACST) .
   Google Scholar
• Principal Author to whom all correspondences should be addressed.
   Google Scholar
• Principal Investigator of the KACST Project No.AR7–094 of which this work forms a part.
   Google Scholar