Replacement of chemical oxygen demand (COD) with total organic carbon (TOC) for monitoring wastewater treatment performance to minimize disposal of toxic analytical waste

References

• ISO . 2003 . Water quality: Determination of biochemical oxygen demand after n days (BODn), Part 1: Dilution and seeding method with allylthiourea addition. ISO 5815–1:2003 , Geneva : International Organization for Standardization .
   Google Scholar
• ISO . 2003 . Water quality: Determination of biochemical oxygen demand after n days (BODn), Part 2: Method for undiluted samples , Geneva : International Organization for Standardization . ISO 5815–2:2003
   Google Scholar
• Fitzmaurice , G. D. and Gray , N. F. 1987 . Biochemical Oxygen Demand: inter-laboratory precision test , 32 Dublin : Water Technology Research . Technical Report 4
   Google Scholar
• Fitzmaurice , G. D. and Gray , N. F. 1989 . Evaluation of manufactured inocula for use in the BOD test . Water Res. , 23 ( 5 ) : 655 – 657 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• ISO . 1989 . Water quality: Determination of the chemical oxygen demand. ISO 6060:1989 , Geneva : International Organization for Standardization .
   Google Scholar
• ISO . 2002 . Water quality: Determination of the chemical oxygen demand index (ST-COD) – Small-scale sealed-tube method. ISO 15705:2002 , Geneva : International Organization for Standardization .
   Google Scholar
• Gray , N. F. 2004 . Biology of Wastewater Treatment, , 2nd ed. , 1421 London : Imperial College Press .
   Google Scholar
• Kim , H. , Lim , H. and Colosimo , M. F. 2007 . Determination of chemical oxygen demand (COD) using ultrasound digestion and oxidation-reduction potential-based titration . J. Environ. Sci. Health Pt. A , 42 ( 11 ) : 1665 – 1670 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mittal , S. K. and Ratra , R. K. 2000 . Toxic effect of metal ions on biochemical oxygen demand . Water Res. , 34 ( 1 ) : 147 – 152 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bourgeois , W. , Burgess , J. E. and Stuetz , R. M. 2001 . On-line monitoring of wastewater quality: a review . J. Chem. Technol. Biotechnol. , 76 ( 4 ) : 337 – 348 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• APHA . 1998 . Standard Methods for the Examination of Water and Wastewater, , 20th ed. , Washington DC : American Public Health Association .
   Google Scholar
• Available from: http://www.hach.com/fmmimghach?/CODE%3AL9324_12–0714544%7C1Hach, COD Waste Disposal Information Letter, L9324 RCRA, [accessed May 2009]
   Google Scholar
• Sousa , A. C. , Lucio , M. , Bezerra , O. F. , Marcone , G. P. S. , Pereira , A. F. C. , Dantas , E. O. , Fragoso , W. D. , Araujo , M. C. U. and Galvao , R. K. H. 2007 . A method for determination of COD in a domestic wastewater treatment plant by using near-infrared reflectance spectrometry of seston . Anal. Chim. Acta. , 588 ( 2 ) : 231 – 236 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Silva , C. , Conceicao , C. D. C. , Bonifacio , V. , Fatibello , O. and Teixeira , M. 2009 . Determination of the chemical oxygen demand (COD) using a copper electrode: a clean alternative method . J. Solid State Electrochem. , 13 ( 5 ) : 665 – 669 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Miller , D. G. , Brayton , S. V. and Boyles , T. 2001 . Chemical oxygen demand analysis of wastewater using trivalent manganese oxidant with chloride removal by sodium bismuthate pretreatment . Wat. Environ. Res. , 73 ( 1 ) : 63 – 71 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stevens , R. , Wallace , B. and Lawson , S. 2006 . TOC Analysis correlation with other environmental parameters , Tekmar : Teledyne Instruments . Application Note
   Google Scholar
• Fadini , P. S. , Jardim , W. F. and Guimaraes , J. R. 2004 . Evaluation of organic load measurement techniques in a sewage and waste stabilisation pond . J. Braz. Chem. Soc. , 15 ( 1 ) : 131 – 135 .
   Google Scholar
• Aziz , J. A. and Tebbutt , T. H. Y. 1980 . Significance of COD, BOD and TOC correlations in kinetic–models of biological oxication . Water Res. , 14 ( 4 ) : 319 – 324 .
   Google Scholar
• Rene , E. R. and Saidutta , M. B. 2008 . Prediction of water quality indices by regression analysis and artificial neural networks . Int. J. Environ. Res. , 2 ( 2 ) : 183 – 188 .
   Google Scholar
• Reuschenbach , P. , Pagga , U. and Strotmann , U. 2003 . A critical comparison of respirometric biodegradation tests based on OECD 301 and related test methods . Water Res. , 37 ( 7 ) : 1571 – 1582 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hach . 2008 . Chemical Oxygen Demand: US EPA Reactor Digestion Method 8000. DOC316.53.01099, , 5th Edition ed. , Hach Company: Loveland Co. .
   Google Scholar
• Fitzmaurice , G. D. and Gray , N. F. 1989 . Evaluation of manufactured inocula for use in the BOD test . Water Res. , 23 ( 5 ) : 655 – 657 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Calcutt , R. and Boddy , R. 1983 . Statistics for Analytical Chemists. , 275 London : Chapman and Hall .
   Google Scholar
• Ademoroti , C. M. A. 1986 . Models to predict BOD from COD values . Effl. Water Treat. , 26 : 80 – 84 .
   Google Scholar
• Eckenfelder , W. W. 1980 . Principles of Water Quality Management , 717 Boston : CBI Publishing Company .
   Google Scholar
• Hill , D. R. and Spiegel , S. J. 1980 . Characterization of industrial–wastes by evaluating BOD, COD and TOC . J. Water Pollut. Control Fed. , 52 ( 11 ) : 2704 – 2708 .
   Google Scholar