PCDD/Fs formation catalyzed by the copper chloride in the fly ash

References

• Olie , K. , Vermeulen , P. L. and Hutzinger , O. 1977 . Chlorodibenzo-p-dioxins and chlorodibenzofurans are trace components of fly ash and flue gas of some municipal incinerators in the Netherlands . Chemosphere , 6 : 455 – 459 .
   Google Scholar
• US EPA . 2000 . Exposure and Human Health Reassessment of 2,3,7,8-Tetrachlorodibenzo-p-Dioxin (TCDD) and Related Compounds National Academy Sciences Review Draft, EPA/600/P-00/001Bb.
   Google Scholar
• Everaert , K. and Baeyens , J. 2002 . The formation and emission of dioxins in large scale thermal processes . Chemosphere , 46 : 439 – 448 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lustenhouwer , J. W.A. , Olie , K. and Hutzinger , O. 1980 . Chlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxin and related compounds in incinerator effluents: a review of measurements and mechanisms of formation . Chemosphere , 9 : 501 – 522 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hutzinger , O. and Blumich , M. J. 1985 . Sources and fate of PCDDs and PCDFs: an overview . Chemosphere. , 14 : 581 – 600 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tuppurainen , K. A. , Ruokojärvi , P. H. , Asikainen , A. H. , Aatamila , M. and Ruuskanen , J. 2000 . Chlorophenols as precursors of PCDD/Fs in incineration processes: correlations, PLS modeling, and reaction mechanisms . Environ. Sci. Technol. , 34 : 4958 – 4962 .
   Google Scholar
• Dickson , L. C. , Lenoir , D. and Hutzinger , O. 1989 . Surface-catalyzed formation of chlorinated dibenzodioxins and dibenzofurans during incineration . Chemosphere , 19 : 277 – 282 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rappe , C. 1984 . Analysis of polychlorinated dioxins and furans . Environ. Sci. Technol. , 18 : 78A – 90A .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Karasek , F. W. and Hutzinger , O. 1986 . Dioxin danger from garbage incineration . Anal. Chem. , 58 : 633A – 642A .
   Google Scholar
• Wang , Y. H. , Lin* , C. , Lai , Y. C. and Chang-Chien , G. P. 2009 . Characterization of PCDD/Fs, PAHs, and heavy metals in a secondary aluminum smelter . J. Environ. Sci. Health, Pt. A. , 13 : 1335 – 1342 .
   Google Scholar
• Gullett , B. , Bruce , K. , Beach , L. and Drago , A. 1992 . Mechanistic steps in the production of PCDD and PCDF during waste combustion . Chemosphere. , 25 : 1387 – 1392 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vogg , H. and Stieglitz , L. 1986 . Thermal behavior of PCDD/PCDF in fly ash from municipal incinerators . Chemosphere , 15 : 1373 – 1378 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hinton , W. and Lane , A. 1991 . Synthesis of polychlorinated dioxins over MSW incinerator fly ash to identify catalytic species . Chemosphere , 23 : 831 – 840 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stieglitz , L. , Zwick , G. , Beck , J. , Roth , W. and Vogg , H. 1989 . On the de novo synthesis of PCDD/PCDF on fly ash of municipal waste incinerators . Chemosphere. , 18 : 1219 – 1226 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hagenmaier , H. , Kraft , M. , Brunner , H. and Haag , R. 1987 . Catalytic effects of fly ash from waste incineration facilities on the formation and decomposition of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and polychlorinated dibenzofurans . Environ. Sci. Technol. , 21 : 1080 – 1084 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Luijk , R. , Akkerman , D. M. , Slot , P. , Olie , K. and Kapteijn , F. 1994 . Mechanism of formation of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans in the catalyzed combustion of carbon . Environ. Sci. Technol. , 28 : 312 – 321 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Addink , R. and Olie , K. 1995 . Mechanism of formation and destruction of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans in heterogeneous systems . Environ. Sci. Technol. , 29 : 1425 – 1435 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schoonenboom , M. H. , Tromp , P. C. and Oile , K. 1995 . The formation of coplanar-PCBs, PCDDs and PCDFs in a fly ash model system . Chemosphere. , 30 : 1341 – 1349 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hatanaka , T. , Imagawa , T. and Takeuchi , M. 2002 . Effects of copper chloride on formation of polychlorinated dibenzofurans in model waste incineration in a laboratory-scale fluidized-bed reactor . Chemosphere , 46 : 393 – 399 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Hatanaka , T. , Kitajima , A. and Takeuchi , M. 2004 . Role of copper chloride in the formation of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans during incineration . Chemosphere , 57 : 73 – 79 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wang , L. C. and Chang-Chien , G. P. 2007 . Characterizing the emissions of polybrominated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans from municipal and industrial waste incinerators . Environ. Sci. Technol. , 41 : 1159 – 1165 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ryu , J. Y. , Mulholland , J. A. and Chu , B. 2003 . Chlorination of dibenzofuran and dibenzo-p-dioxin vapor by copper (II) chloride . Chemosphere , 51 : 1031 – 1039 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Wikstrom , E. and Marklund , S. 2000 . Secondary formation of chlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins, dibenzofurans, biphenyls, benzenes, and phenols during MSW combustion . Environ. Sci. Technol. , 34 : 604 – 609 .
   Google Scholar
• Luijk , R. , Dorland , K. , Smit , P. and Govers , H. A.J. 1992 . The halogenation of dibenzo-p-dioxin and dibenzofuran in a model fly ash system . Organohalogen Compd. , 8 : 273 – 276 .
   Google Scholar
• Gullet , B. and Seeker , R. 1997 . Chlorinated Dioxin and Furan Formation, Control and Monitoring , 38 Research Triangle Park : Presented at ICCR Meeting .
   Google Scholar