Optimization of suitable ethanol blend ratio for motorcycle engine using response surface method

References

• MOTC . 2011 . Monthly report of traffic affairs, 511 , 44 – 47 . Taipei : Ministry of transportation and communications .
   Google Scholar
• TEPA . 2009 . Emission of air pollutants from the mobile sources in Taiwan , Taipei : Environmental protection administration .
   Google Scholar
• Tsai , J. H. , Hsu , Y. C. , Weng , H. C. , Lin , W. Y. and Jeng , F. T. 2000 . Air pollutant emission factors from new and in-use motorcycles . Atmos. Environ , 34 ( 28 ) : 4747 – 4754 .
   Google Scholar
• Alvarez , R , Weilenmann , M and Favez , J. Y. 2008 . Assessing the real-world performance of modern pollutant abatement systems on motorcycles . Atmos. Environ , 43 ( 8 ) : 1503 – 1509 .
   Google Scholar
• Chien , S. M. and Huang , Y. J. 2010 . Sizes and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon composition distributions of nano, ultrafine, fine, and coarse particulates emitted from a four-stroke motorcycle . Pt. A Toxic/Hazard. Subst. Environ. Eng. , 45 ( 13 ) : 1768 – 1774 . . J. Environ. Sci. Health
   Google Scholar
• Yang , H. H. , Lee , S. A. , Hsieh , D. P.H. , Chao , M. R. and Tung , C. Y. 2008 . PM 2.5 and associated polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon and mutagenicity emissions from motorcycles . B. Environ. Contam. Tox. , 81 ( 4 ) : 412 – 415 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Liaquat , A. M. , Kalam , M. A. , Masjuki , H. H. and Jayed , M. H. 2010 . Potential emissions reduction in road transport sector using biofuel in developing countries . 44 ( 32 ) : 3869 – 3877 . . Atmos. Environ.
   Google Scholar
• Gorse , R. A. Jr , Benson , J. D. , Burns , V. R. , Hochhauser , A. M. , Koehl , W. J. , Painter , L. J. , Reuter , R. M. , Rippon , B. H. and Rutherford , J. A. 1992 . The effects of methanol/gasoline blends on automobile emissions . SAE Paper 920327
   Google Scholar
• Chandler , K. L. , Whalen , P. and Westhoven , J. 1998 . Final results from the state of ohio ethanol-fueled, light-duty fleet deployment project . SAE Paper 920327
   Google Scholar
• Bayraktar , H. 2007 . Theoretical investigation of flame propagation process in an SI engine running on gasoline–ethanol blends . 32 ( 5 ) : 758 – 771 . . Renew. Energy
   Google Scholar
• Yüksel , F and Yüksel , B. 2004 . The use of ethanol–gasoline blend as a fuel in an SI engine . 29 ( 7 ) : 1181 – 1191 . . Renew. Energy
   Google Scholar
• Ceviz , M. A. and Yuksel , F. 2005 . Effects of ethanol–unleaded gasoline blends on cyclic variability and emissions in an SI engine . 25 ( 5–6 ) : 917 – 925 . . Appl. Therm. Eng.
   Google Scholar
• Koç , M. , Sekmen , Y. , Topgül , T. and Yücesu , H. S. 2009 . The effects of ethanol–unleaded gasoline blends on engine performance and exhaust emissions in a spark-ignition engine . 34 ( 10 ) : 2101 – 2106 . . Renew. Energy
   Google Scholar
• Najafi , G. , Ghobadian , B. , Tavakoli , T. , Buttsworth , D. , Yusaf , T. and Faizollahnejad , M. 2009 . Performance and exhaust emissions of a gasoline engine with ethanol blended gasoline fuels using artificial neural network . 86 ( 5 ) : 630 – 639 . . Appl. Energy
   Google Scholar
• Srinivasan , C. A. and Saravanan , C. G. 2010 . Emission reduction in SI engine using ethanol - gasoline blends on thermal barrier coated pistons . 1 ( 4 ) : 715 – 726 . . Int. J. Energ. Environ.
   Google Scholar
• Srinivasan , C. A. and Saravanan , C. G. 2010 . Study of combustion characteristics of si engine fuelled with ethanol and oxygenated fuel additives . J. Sust. Energy Environ. , 1 : 85 – 91 .
   Google Scholar
• Wang , C. H. , Lin , S. S. and Chang , H. L. 2002 . Effect of oxygenates on exhaust emissions from two-stroke motorcycles . J. Environ. Sci. Health Pt. A – Toxic/Hazard. Subst. Environ. Eng. , A37 ( 9 ) : 1677 – 1685 .
   Google Scholar
• Jia , L. W. , Shen , M. Q. , Wang , J. and Lin , M. Q. 2005 . Influence of ethanol–gasoline blended fuel on emission characteristics from a four-stroke motorcycle engine . 123 ( 1–3 ) : 29 – 34 . . J. Hazard. Mater.
   Google Scholar
• Hsieh , W. D. , Chen , R. H. , Wu , T. L. and Lin , T. H. 2002 . Engine performance and pollutant emission of an SI engine using ethanol–gasoline blended fuels . 36 ( 3 ) : 403 – 410 . . Atmos. Environ.
   Google Scholar
• Deh Kiani , M. K. , Ghobadian , B. , Tavakoli , T. , Nikbakht , A. M. and Najafi , G. 2010 . Application of artificial neural networks for the prediction of performance and exhaust emissions in SI engine using ethanol- gasoline blends . 35 ( 1 ) : 65 – 69 . . Energy
   Google Scholar
• Cheynier , V. , Feinberg , M. , Chararas , C. and Ducauze , C. 1983 . Application of response surface methodology to evaluation of bioconversion experimental conditions. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. . 45 ( 2 ) : 634 – 639 .
   Google Scholar
• Senecal , P. K. , Montgomery , D. T. and Reitz , R. D. 2000 . A methodology for engine design using multi-dimensional modelling and genetic algorithms with validation through experiments . 1 ( 3 ) : 229 – 248 . . Int. J. Engine Res.
   Google Scholar
• Saidur , R. , Jahirul , M. I. , Hasanuzzaman , M. and Masjuki , H. H. 2008 . Analysis of exhaust emissions of natural gas engine by using response surface methodology . 8 ( 19 ) : 3328 – 3339 . . J. Appl. Sci.
   Google Scholar
• Chen , Y. L. , Chen , S. , Tsai , C. Y. , Liu , S. Y. , Tsai , J. M. , Sun , R. H. and Fang , H. H. 2010 . Using optimization methodology to identify suitable biodiesel blend ratio. Paper No. 1009293 . ASABE 2010 Annual International Meeting, Pittsburgh, PA USA, June 20–23, 2010; American Society of Agricultural and Biological Engineers: St. Joseph, Michigan
   Google Scholar
• Win , Z. , Gakkhar , R. P. , Jain , S. C. and Bhattacharya , M. 2005 . Parameter optimization of a diesel engine to reduce noise, fuel consumption, and exhaust emissions using response surface methodology . Proc. Inst. Mech. Eng. Part D – J. Automob. Eng. , 219 ( 10 ) : 1181 – 1192 .
   Google Scholar
• Chen , Y. L. , Chen , S. , Tsai , C. Y. , Sun , R. H. , Tsai , J. M. , Liu , S. Y. and Fang , H. H. 2010 . Effects of ethanol-gasoline blends on engine perfprmance and exhaust emissions in motorcycle . Paper No. D1–1. Proceedings of the 5th international symposium on machinery and mechatronics for agricultural and bio-systems engineering, Fukuoka, Japan, April 5–7, 2010; Japanese Society of Agricultural Machinery: Tokyo, Japan
   Google Scholar
• Moon , G. , Lee , Y. , Choi , K and Jeong , D. 2010 . Emission characteristics of diesel, gas to liquid, and biodiesel-blended fuels in a diesel engine for passenger cars . 89 ( 12 ) : 3840 – 3846 . . Fuel
   Google Scholar
• Rice , R. W. , Sanyal , A. K. , Elrod , A. C. and Bata , R. M. 1991 . Exhaust gas emissions of butanol, ethanol, and methanol-gasoline blends . J. Eng. Gas. Turb. Power , 113 : 377 – 381 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar