Assessment of cancer and noncancer health risks from exposure to PAHs in street dust in the Tamale Metropolis, Ghana

References

• Boon , J. P. , van Zanden , J. J. , Lewis , W. E. , Zegers , B. N. , Goksøyr , A. and Arukwe , A. 2002 . The expression of CYP1A, vitellogenin and zonaradiata proteins in Atlantic salmon (Salmosalar) after oral dosing with two commercial PBDE flame retardant mixtures: absence of short-term responses . Mar. Environ. Res , 54 : 719 – 724 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Singh , K. P. , Malik , A. , Kumar , R. , Saxena , P. and Sinha , S. 2008 . Receptor modeling for source apportionment of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in urban atmosphere . Environ. Monit. Assess , 136 : 183 – 196 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Manzo , S. , De Nicola , F. , De Luca , P. , Maisto , G. and Alfani , A. 2008 . Assessment of the effects of soil PAH accumulation by a battery of ecotoxicological tests . Chemosphere , 71 : 1937 – 1944 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Moon , H. S. , Kahng , H. Y. , Kim , J. Y. , Kukor , J. J. and Nam , K. 2006 . Determination of biodegradation potential by two culture-independent methods in PAH-contaminated soils . Environ. Pollut , 140 : 536 – 545 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Menzie , C. A. , Potocki , B. B. and Santodonato , L. 1992 . Exposure to carcinogenic PAHs in the environment . Environ. Sci. Technol. , 26 : 1278 – 1284 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Van Metre , P. C. , Mahler , B. J. and Furlong , E. T. 2000 . Urban sprawl leaves it's PAH signature . Environ. Sci. Technol. , 34 : 4064 – 4070 . 2000
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Oros , D. R. and Ross , J. R.M. 2004 . Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in San Francisco Estuary sediments . Mar. Chem , 86 : 169 – 184 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Armah , F. A. , Yawson , D. O. and Pappoe , A. N.M. 2010 . A systems dynamics approach to explore traffic congestion and air pollution link in the city of Accra, Ghana . Sustainability , 2 : 252 – 265 .
   Google Scholar
• Obiri , S. , Cobbina , S. J. , Armah , F. A. and Naangmenyele , Z. 2011 . Quantification and characterisation of vehicle-based polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in street dust from the Tamale metropolis, Ghana . Environ. Sci. Poll. Res , 18 : 1166 – 1173 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Armah , F. A. , Odoi , J. O. , Yengoh , G. T. , Obiri , S. , Yawson , D. O. and Afrifa , E. K.A. 2011 . Food security and climate change in drought-sensitive savannah zones of Ghana. Mitigation Adaptation Strat . Global Change , 16 : 291 – 306 .
   Google Scholar
• Kollunu , R. V. , Bartell , S. M. , Pitblado , R. M. and Stricoff , R. S. 1996 . Risk Assessment and Management Handbook , New York : McGraw-Hill .
   Google Scholar
• Paustenbach , J. 2002 . Human and Ecological Risk Assessment: Theory and Practice , New York : John Wiley and Sons .
   Google Scholar
• National Research Council, NRC . 1983 . Risk Assessment in the Federal Government: Managing the Process , Washington , DC : National Academy Press .
   Google Scholar
• Nessel , C. S. , Amoruso , M. A. , Umbreit , T. H. , Meeker , R. J. and Gallo , M. A. 1992 . Pulmonary bioavailability and fine particle enrichment of 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin in respirable soil particles . Fundam. Appl. Toxicol , 19 : 279 – 285 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Dor , F. , Jongeneelen , F. , Zmirou , D. , Empereur-Bissonnet , P. , Nedellec , V. , Haguenoer , J. M. , Person , A. , Ferguson , C. and Dab , W. 2000 . Feasibility of assessing dermal exposure to PAHsofworkers on gaswork sites—The SOLEX study . Sci. Total Environ , 263 : 47 – 55 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Skowronski , G. A. , Turkall , R. M. , Kadry , A. R. and Abdel-Rahman , M. S. 1990 . Effects of soil on the dermal bioavailability of m-xylene in male rats . Environ. Res , 51 : 182 – 193 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sedman , R. M. 1989 . The development of applied action levels for soil contact: a scenario for the exposure of humans to soil in a residential setting . Environ. Health Perspect , 79 : 291 – 313 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Calabrese , E. J. , Stanek , E. J. , Pekow , P. and Barnes , R. M. 1997 . Soil ingestion estimates for children residing on a superfund site . Ecotoxicol. Environ. Saf , 36 : 258 – 268 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Faustman , E. M. , Silbernagel , S. M. , Fenske , R. A. , Burbacher , T. M. and Ponce , R. A. 2000 . Mechanisms underlying children's susceptibility to environmental toxicants . Environ. Health Perspect , 108 ( Suppl. 1 ) : 13 – 21 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Au , W. W. 2002 . Susceptibility of children to environmental toxic substances . Int. J. Hyg. Environ. Health , 205 : 501 – 503 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• US Environmental Protection Agency (US EPA) . 2008 . Child-Specific Exposure Factors Handbook , Washington , DC, USA : General Factors, Office of Research and Development .
   Google Scholar
• GLSS (Ghana Living Standard Survey) . 2003 . Ghana Demographic and Health Survey , Accra , , Ghana : Ghana Statistical Service .
   Google Scholar
• US Environmental Protection Agency (US EPA) . 1997 . Exposure Factor Handbook NCEA-W-005. 1997.107. USEPA: Exposure Factors Handbook, vol. I: General Factors , Washington , DC, USA : Office of Research and Development .
   Google Scholar
• US Environmental Protection Agency (US EPA) . 2001 . Integrated Risk Information System (IRIS) , Washington , DC, USA : National Centre for Environmental Assessment, Office of Research and Development .
   Google Scholar
• US Environmental Protection Agency (US EPA) . 1989 . Risk Assessment Guidance for Superfund (RAGS), vol. I, Human Health Evaluation Manual (Part A). OWSER Directive 9285. 7–01A. EPA–540/1–89–002 , Washington , DC, USA : Office of Emergency and Remedial Response .
   Google Scholar
• Essumang , D. K , Dodoo , D. K , Obiri , S and Oduro , A. K. 2006 . Analysis of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in street soil dust in Kumasi Metropolis of Ghana . Environ. Monit. Assess. , 121 : 401 – 408 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mastral , A. M. , Maria , A. and Callen , S. 2000 . A review of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) emissions from energy generation . Environ. Sci. Technol , 34 : 3051 – 3057 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schauer , C. , Niessner , R. and Poschl , U. 2003 . Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in urban air particulate matter: decadal and seasonal trends, chemical degradation and sampling artifacts . Environ. Sci. Technol , 37 : 2861 – 2868 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wang , G. , Mielke , H. , Quach , V. , Gonzales , C. and Zhang , Q. 2004 . Determination of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and trace metals in New Orleans soils and sediments . Soil Sediment Contam , 13 : 313 – 327 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Goriaux , M. , Jourdain , B. , Temime , B. , Besombes , J. , Marchand , N. , Albinet , A. , Leoz-Garziandia , E. and Wortham , H. 2006 . Field comparison of particulate PAH measurements using a low flow denuder device and conventional sampling systems . Environ. Sci. Technol , 40 : 6398 – 6404 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Chuang , J. , Callahan , P. , Lyu , C. and Wilson , N. 1999 . Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon exposures of children in low-income families . J. Expo. Anal. Env. Epid. , 9 : 85 – 98 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Vyskocil , A. , Fiala , Z. , Chéier , V. , Krajak , L. , Ettlerova , E. , Bukac , J. , Viau , C. and Emminger , S. 2000 . Assessment of multipathway of exposure of small children to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon . Environ. Toxicol. Pharmacol , 8 : 111 – 118 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar