Monitoring the fate and behavior of TiO₂ nanoparticles: Simulated in a WWTP with industrial dye-stuff effluent according to OECD 303A

References

• Kiser, M.A.; Westerhoff, P.; Benn, T.; Wang, Y.; Pèrez-Rivera, J.; Hristovki, K. Titanium nanomaterial removal and release from wastewater treatment plants. Environ. Sci. Technol. 2009, 43(17), 6757–6763.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gottschalk, F.; Nowack, B. The release of engineered nanomaterials to the environment. J. Environ. Monit. 2011, 13(5), 1145–1155.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gartiser, S.; Flach, F.; Nickel, C.; Stintz, M.; Damme, S.; Schaeffer, A.; Erdinger, L.; Kuhlbusch, T.A. Behavior of nanoscale titanium dioxide in laboratory wastewater treatment plants according to OECD 303 A. Chemosphere 2014, 104, 197–204.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• OECD guideline for testing of chemicals 303A. Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development, 2005. Available at http://www.oecd.org/chemicalsafety/risk-assessment/1948378.pdf (assessed Feb 2015).
   Google Scholar
• Nowack, B.; Ranville, J.F.; Diamond, S.; Gallego-Urrea, J.A.; Metcalfe, C.; Horne, N.; Koelmans, A.A.; Klaine, S.J. Potential scenarios for nanomaterial release and subsequent alteration in the environment. Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 2012, 31(1), 50–59.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chaüque, E.F.C.; Zvimba, J.N.; Ngila, J.C.; Musee, N. Fate, behaviour, and implications of ZnO nanoparticles in a simulated wastewater treatment plant. Water SA 2016, 42(1), 72–81.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Limbach, L.K.; Bereiter, R.; Müller, E.; Krebs, R.; Gälli, R.; Stark, W.J. Removal of oxide nanoparticles in a model wastewater treatment plant: Influence of agglomeration and surfactants on clearing efficiency. Environ. Sci. Technol. 2008, 42(15), 5828–5833.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mahlalela, L.C.; Dlamini, L.N. Enhanced photocatalytic activity of titania in the presence of KNO3 on the photodegradation of dyes. Surf. Interfaces 2016, 1–3, 21–28.
   Google Scholar
• Mahlalela, L.C.; Ngila, J.C.; Dlamini, L.N. Characterization and stability of TiO2 nanoparticles in industrial dye stuff effluent. J. Dispers. Sci. Technol. 2017, 38(4), 584–593.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rice, E.W.; Baird, R.B.; Eaton, A.D.; Clesceri, L.S. Standard Methods for the Examination of Water and Wastewater, 22nd ed., American Public Health Association: Washington DC, 2012.
   Google Scholar
• Durenkamp, M.; Pawlett, M.; Ritz, K.; Harris, J.A.; Neal, A.L.; McGrath, S.P. Nanoparticles within WWTP sludges have minimal impact on leachate quality and soil microbial community structure and function. Environ. Pollut. 2016, 211, 399–405.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Martinez, F.; Betancur, M.J.; Moreno, J.A.; Buitron, G.; Moreno-Andrade, I. Acclimation model of an aerobic bioreactor for the treatment of toxic wastewater. IFAC Proc. 2009, 10, 680–691.
   Google Scholar
• Fernández-Morales, F.J.; Villaseñor, J.; Infantes, D. Modeling and monitoring of the acclimatization of conventional activated sludge to a biohydrogen producing culture by biokinetic control. Int. J. Hydrogen Energy 2010, 35(20), 10927–10933.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• El Bestawy, E.; Helmy, S.; Hussein, H.; Fahmy, M. Optimization and/or acclimatization of activated sludge process under heavy metals stress. World J. Microbiol. Biotechnol. 2013, 29(4), 693–705.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Keskinkan, O.; Göksu, M.Z.L. Assessment of the dye removal capability of submersed aquatic plants in a laboratory-scale wetland system using ANOVA. Braz. J. Chem. Eng. 2007, 24(2), 193–202.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• S.A. Department of Water Affairs. National Water Act—Waste Discharge Standards, 2010. Available at https://www.dwa.gov.za/Documents/Legislature/nw_act/NWA.pdf (assessed July 2016).
   Google Scholar
• Grob, M.; Klippstein, C.; Maurer, P.; Salazar, P.; Schwab, Y.; Treffry-Goatley, T.; Voortman, K. Wastewater treatment, Delft University of Technology, 2014. Available at wwww.sanitaryengineering.tudelft.nl (assessed April 2016).
   Google Scholar
• Nourmohammadi, D.; Esmaeeli, M.B.; Akbarian, H.; Ghasemian, M. Nitrogen removal in a full-scale domestic wastewater treatment plant with activated sludge and trickling filter. J. Environ. Public Health 2013, 2013, 1–6.
   Google Scholar
• Fan, J.; Ji, F.; Xu, X.; Wang, Y.; Yan, D.; Xu, X.; Chen, Q.; Xiong, J.; He, Q. Prediction of the effect of fine grit on the MLVSS/MLSS ratio of activated sludge. Bioresour. Technol. 2015, 190, 51–56.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wentzel, M.C.; Ubisi, M.F.; Lakay, M.T.; Ekama, G.A. Incorporation of inorganic material in anoxic/aerobic-activated sludge system mixed liquor. Water Res. 2002, 36(20), 5074–5082.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Magdziarz, A.; Wilk, M.; Gajek, M.; Nowak-Woźny, D.; Kopia, A.; Kalemba-Rec, I.; Konziński, J.A. Properties of ash generated during sewage sludge combustion: A multifaceted analysis. Energy 2016, 113, 85–94.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lynn, C.J.; Dhir, R.K.; Ghataora, G.S.; West, R.P. Sewage sludge ash characteristics and potential for use in concrete. Constr. Build. Mater. 2015, 98, 767–779.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gomez-Rivera, F.; Field, J.A.; Brown, D.; Sierra-Alvarez, R. Fate of cerium dioxide (CeO2) nanoparticles in municipal wastewater during activated sludge treatment. Bioresour. Technol. 2012, 108, 300–304.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Westerhoff, P.; Song, G.; Hristovski, K.; Kiser, M.A. Occurrence and removal of titanium at full scale wastewater treatment plants: implications for TiO2 nanomaterials. J. Environ. Monit. 2011, 13(5), 1195–1203.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Kiser, M.A.; Ryu, H.; Jang, H.; Hristovski, K.; Westerhoff, P. Biosorption of nanoparticles to heterotrophic wastewater biomass. Water Res. 2010, 44(14), 4105–4114.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar