Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) in car and house dust from Thailand: Implication for human exposure

References

• European Commission (EC). Persistent Organic Pollutants (POPs); EC: 2016. http://ec.europa.eu/environment/chemicals/international_conventions/index_en.htm (accessed: 7 Jan. 2017).
   Google Scholar
• United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP). Persistent Organic Pollutants; UNEP, 2017. Available online: http://www.unep.org/dgef/PersistentOrganicPollutants (accessed: 7 Jan. 2017).
   Google Scholar
• Stockholm Convention. The POPs: Listing of POPs in the Stockholm Convention, 2008. Available online: http://chm.pops.int/TheConvention/ThePOPs/ListingofPOPs/tabid/2509/Default.aspx (accessed: 7 Jan. 2017).
   Google Scholar
• Harrad, S. Persistent Organic Pollutants: Environmental Behaviour and Pathways for Human Exposure, Ed.; Kluwer Academic Publishers: Massachusetts, 2001.
   Google Scholar
• Wu, J.-P.; Luo, X.-J.; Zhang, Y.; Luo, Y.; Chen, S.-J.; Mai, B.-X.; Yang, Z.-Y. Bioaccumulation of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) in wild aquatic species from an electronic waste (e-waste) recycling site in South China. Environ. Int. 2008, 34, 1109–1113. doi:10.1016/j.envint.2008.04.001.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Voorspoels, S.; Covaci, A.; Jaspers, V.L.B.; Neels, H.; Schepens, P. Biomagnification of PBDEs in three small terrestrial food chains. Environ. Sci. Technol 2007, 41(2), 411–416. doi:10.1021/es061408k.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Burreau, S.; Zebuhr, Y.; Broman, D.; Ishaq, R. Biomagnification of PBDEs and PCBs in food webs from the Baltic Sea and the northern Atlantic Ocean. Sci. Total Environ. 2006, 366, 659–672. doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2006.02.005.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shen, L.; Wania, F.; Lei, Y.D.; Teixeira, C.; Muir, D.C.G.; Xiao, H. Polychlorinated biphenyls and polybrominated diphenyl ethers in the North American atmosphere. Environ. Pollut. 2006, 144, 434–444. doi:10.1016/j.envpol.2005.12.054.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hites, R.A. Polybrominated diphenyl ethers in the environment and in people: A meta-analysis of concentrations. Environ. Sci. Technol. 2004, 38(4), 945–956. doi:10.1021/es035082g.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hale, R.C.; Kim, S.L.; Harvey, E.; La Guardia, M.J.; Mainor, T.M.; Bush, E.O.; Jacobs, E.M. Antarctic research bases: Local sources of polybrominated diphenyl ether (PBDE) flame retardants. Environ. Sci. Technol. 2008, 42, 1452–1457. doi:10.1021/es702547a.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cheng, H.; Zhang, G.; Jiang, J.X.; Li, X.; Liu, X.; Li, J.; Zhao, Y. Organochlorine pesticides, polybrominated diphenyl ethers and lead isotopes during the spring time at the Waliguan Baseline Observatory, northwest China: Implication for long-range atmospheric transport. Atmos. Environ. 2007, 41, 4734–4747. doi:10.1016/j.atmosenv.2007.03.023.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• de Wit, C.A.; Alaee, M.; Muir, D.C.G. Levels and trends of brominated flame retardants in the Arctic. Chemosphere. 2006, 64, 209–233. doi:10.1016/j.chemosphere.2005.12.029.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gouin, T.; Mackay, D.; Jones, K.C.; Harner, T.; Meijer, S.N. Evidence for the “grasshopper” effect and fractionation during long-range atmospheric transport of organic contaminants. Environ. Pollut. 2004, 128, 139–148. doi:10.1016/j.envpol.2003.08.025.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Law, R.J.; Herzke, D.; Harrad, S.; Morris, S.; Bersuder, P.; Allchin, C.R. Levels and trends of HBCD and BDEs in the European and Asian environments, with some information for other BFRs. Chemosphere. 2008, 73, 223–241. doi:10.1016/j.chemosphere.2008.02.066.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Akortia, E.; Okonkwo, J.O.; Lupankwa, M.; Osae, S.D.; Daso, A.P.; Olukunle, O.I.; Chaudhary, A. A review of sources, levels, and toxicity of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) and their transformation and transport in various environmental compartments. Environ. Rev. 2016, 24, 253–273. doi:10.1139/er-2015-0081.
   Google Scholar
• Frederiksen, M.; Vorkamp, K.; Thomsen, M.; Knudsen, L.E. Human internal and external exposure to PBDEs-A review of levels and sources. Int. J. Hyg. Environ. Health. 2009, 212, 109–134. doi:10.1016/j.ijheh.2008.04.005.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Law, R.J.; Covaci, A.; Harrad, S.; Herzke, D.; Abdallah, M.A.-E.; Fernie, K.; Toms, L.-M.L.; Takigami, H. Levels and trends of PBDEs and HBCDs in the global environment: Status at the end of 2012. Environ. Int. 2014, 65, 147–158. doi:10.1016/j.envint.2014.01.006.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (ATSDR). Toxicological Profile for Polybrominated Biphenyls and Polybrominated Diphenyl Ethers; ATSDR: Atlanta, The United States, 2004. Available online: http://www.atsdr.cdc.gov/toxprofiles/tp68.pdf (accessed: 10 Jan. 2017).
   Google Scholar
• Herbstman, J.B.; Sjödin, A.; Kurzon, M.; Lederman, S.A.; Jones, R.S.; Rauh, V.; Needham, L.L.; Tang, D.; Niedzwiecki, M.; Wang, R.Y.; et al. Prenatal exposure to PBDEs and neurodevelopment. Environ. Health Perspect. 2010, 118, 712–719. doi:10.1289/ehp.0901340.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Johnson, P.I.; Altshul, L.; Cramer, D.W.; Missmer, S.A.; Hauser, R.; Meeker, J.D. Serum and follicular fluid concentrations of polybrominated diphenyl ethers and in-vitro fertilization outcome. Environ. Int. 2012, 45, 9–14. doi:10.1016/j.envint.2012.04.004.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Harrad, S. Persistent Organic Pollutants, Ed.; Blackwell Publishing Ltd.: West Sussex, 2010.
   Google Scholar
• Covaci, A.; Voorspoels, S.; de Boer, J. Determination of brominated flame retardants, with emphasis on polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) in environmental and human samples—A review. Environ. Int. 2003, 29, 735–756. doi:10.1016/S0160-4120(03)00114-4.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• WHO (World Health Organization)/IPCS. Brominated Diphenyl Ethers, Environmental Health Criteria 162; WHO: Geneva, Switzerland, 1994.
   Google Scholar
• La Guardia, M.J.; Hale, R.C.; Harvey, E. Detailed polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDE) congener composition of the widely used penta-, octa-, and deca-PBDE technical flame-retardant mixtures. Environ. Sci. Technol. 2006, 40, 6247–6254. doi:10.1021/es060630m.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Muenhor, D.; Harrad, S.; Ali, N.; Covaci, A. Brominated flame retardants (BFRs) in air and dust from electronic waste storage facilities in Thailand. Environ. Int. 2010, 36, 690–698. doi:10.1016/j.envint.2010.05.002.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Department of Industrial Works, Ministry of Industry. Amendment of Thailand Hazardous Substances List (in Thai), 2017. 15th December B.E. 2560 (2017).
   Google Scholar
• Vonderheide, A.P.; Mueller, K.E.; Meija, J.; Welsh, G.L. Polybrominated diphenyl ethers: Causes for concern and knowledge gaps regarding environmental distribution, fate and toxicity. Sci. Total Environ. 2008, 400, 425–436. doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2008.05.003.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Australian Government. Interim Public Health Risk Assessment of Certain PBDE Congeners: Department of Health and Ageing, National Industrial Chemicals Notification and Assessment Scheme (NICNAS): Sydney, Australia, 2007.
   Google Scholar
• Harrad, S.; Diamond, M. Exposure to polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs): Current and Future Scenarios. Atmos. Environ. 2006, 40, 1187–1188. doi:10.1016/j.atmosenv.2005.10.006.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Allen, J.G; Sumner, A.L.; Nishioka, M. G.; Vallarino, J.; Turner, D.J.; Saltman, H.K.; Spengler, J.D. Air concentrations of PBDEs on in-flight airplanes and assessment of flight crew inhalation exposure. J. Expo. Sci. Environ. Epidemiol. 2013, 23(4), 337–342. doi:10.1038/jes.2012.62.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hazrati, S.; Harrad, S. Causes of variability in concentrations of polychlorinated biphenyls and polybrominated diphenyl ethers in indoor air. Environ. Sci. Technol. 2006, 40, 7584–7589. doi:10.1021/es0617082.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wilford, B.H.; Harner, T.; Zhu, J.; Shoeib, M.; Jones, K.C. Passive sampling survey of polybrominated diphenyl ether flame retardants in indoor and outdoor air in Ottawa, Canada: Implications for sources and exposure. Environ. Sci. Technol. 2004, 38, 5312–5318. doi:10.1021/es049260x.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Harrad, S.; Wijesekera, R.; Hunter, S.; Halliwell, C.; Baker, R. Preliminary assessment of U.K. human dietary and inhalation exposure to polybrominated diphenyl ethers. Environ. Sci. Technol. 2004, 38(8), 2345–2350. doi:10.1021/es0301121.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Harrad, S.; de Wit, C.A.; Abdallah, M. A.-E.; Bergh, C.; Bjorklund, J.A.; Covaci, A.; Darnerud, P.O.; de Boer, J.; Diamond, M.; Huber, S.; et al. Indoor contamination with hexabromocyclododecanes, polybrominated diphenyl ethers, and perfluoroalkyl compounds: An important exposure pathway for people. Environ. Sci. Technol. 2010, 44(9), 3221–3231. doi:10.1021/es903476t.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Johnson-Restrepo, B.; Kannan, K. An assessment of sources and pathways of human exposure to polybrominated diphenyl ethers in the United States. Chemosphere 2009, 76, 542–548. doi:10.1016/j.chemosphere.2009.02.068.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jones-Otazo, H.; Clarke, J.P.; Diamond, M.L.; Archbold, J.A.; Ferguson, G.; Harner, T.; Richardson, G.M.; Ryan, J.J.; Wilford, B. Is house dust the missing exposure pathway for PBDEs? An analysis of the urban fate and human exposure to PBDEs. Environ. Sci. Technol. 2005, 39, 5121–5130. doi:10.1021/es048267b.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lorber, M. Exposure of Americans to polybrominated diphenyl ethers. J. Expo. Sci. Environ. Epidemiol. 2008, 18, 2–19. doi:10.1038/sj.jes.7500572.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ali, N.; Ali, L.; Mehdi, T.; Dirtu, A.C.; Al-Shammari, F.; Neels, H.; Covaci, A. Levels and profiles of organochlorines and flame retardants in car and house dust from Kuwait and Pakistan: Implication for human exposure via dust ingestion. Environ. Int. 2013, 55, 62–70. doi:10.1016/j.envint.2013.02.001.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Harrad, S.; Ibarra, C.; Abdallah, M.A.-E.; Boon, R.; Neels, H.; Covaci, A. Concentrations of brominated flame retardants in dust from United Kingdom cars, homes, and offices: Causes of variability and implications for human exposure. Environ. Int. 2008, 34, 1170–1175. doi:10.1016/j.envint.2008.05.001.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cetin, B.; Odabasi, M. Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) in indoor and outdoor window organic films in Izmir, Turkey. J. Hazard. Mater. 2011, 185, 784–791. doi:10.1016/j.jhazmat.2010.09.089.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Harrad, S.; Ibarra, C.; Diamond, M.; Melymuk, L.; Robson, M.; Douwes, J.; Roosens, L.; Dirtu, A.C.; Covaci, A. Polybrominated diphenyl ethers in domestic indoor dust from Canada, New Zealand, United Kingdom and United States. Environ. Int. 2008, 34, 232–238. doi:10.1016/j.envint.2007.08.008.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sjodin, A.; Papke, O.; McGahee, E.; Focant, J.-F.; Jones, R. S.; Pless-Mulloli, T.; Toms, L.-M. L.; Herrmann, T.; Muller, J.; Needham, L.L.; et al. Concentration of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) in household dust from various countries. Chemosphere 2008, 73, S131–S136. doi:10.1016/j.chemosphere.2007.08.075.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stapleton, H. M.; Harner, T.; Shoeib, M.; Keller, J. M.; Schantz, M. M.; Leigh, S. D.; Wise, S. A. Determiantion of polybrominated diphenyl ethers in indoor dust standard reference materials. Anal. Bioanalytical Chem. 2005, 384(3), 791–800. doi:10.1007/s00216-005-0227-y.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Allen, J.G.; McClean, M.D.; Stapleton, H. M.; Webster, T.F. Critical factors in assessing exposure to PBDEs via house dust. Environ. Int. 2008, 34, 1085–1091. doi:10.1016/j.envint.2008.03.006.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zota, A.R.; Rudel, R.A.; Morello-Frosch, R.A.; Brody, J.G. Elevated house dust and serum concentrations of PBDEs in California: Unintended consequences of furniture flammability standards? Environ. Sci. Technol. 2008, 42, 8158–8164. doi:10.1021/es801792z.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Meeker, J.D.; Johnson, P.I.; Camann, D.; Hauser, R. Polybrominated diphenyl ether (PBDE) concentrations in house dust are related to hormone levels in men. Sci. Total Environ. 2009, 407, 3425–3429. doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2009.01.030.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stapleton, H.M.; Eagle, S.; Sjödin, A.; Webster, T.F.; Serum PBDEs in a North Carolina toddler cohort: Associations with handwipes, house dust, and socioeconomic variables. Environ. Health Perspect. 2012, 120(7), 1049–1054. doi:10.1289/ehp.1104802.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wilford, B.H.; Shoeib, M.; Harner, T.; Zhu, J.; Jones, K.C. Polybrominated diphenyl ethers in indoor dust in Ottawa, Canada: Implications for sources and exposure. Environ. Sci. Technol. 2005, 39(18), 7027–7035. doi:10.1021/es050759g.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fromme, H.; Korner, W.; Shahin, N.; Wanner, A.; Albrecht, M.; Boehmer, S.; Parlar, H.; Mayer, R.; Liebl, B.; Bolte, G. Human exposure to polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), as evidenced by data from a duplicate diet study, indoor air, house dust and biomonitoring in Germany. Environ. Int. 2009, 35, 1125–1135. doi:10.1016/j.envint.2009.07.003.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vorkamp, K.; Thomsen, M.; Frederiksen, M.; Pedersen, M.; Knudsen, L.E. Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) in the indoor environment and associations with prenatal exposure. Environ. Int. 2011, 37, 1–10. doi:10.1016/j.envint.2010.06.001.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Thuresson, K.; Björklund, J.A.; de Wit, C.A. Tri-decabrominated diphenyl ethers and hexabromocyclododecane in indoor air and dust from Stockholm microenvironments 1: Levels and profiles. Sci. Total Environ. 2012, 414, 713–721. doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2011.11.016.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Karlsson, M.; Julander, A.; van Bavel, B.; Hardell, L.. Levels of brominated flame retardants in blood in relation to levels in household air and dust. Environ. Int. 2007, 33, 62–69. doi:10.1016/j.envint.2006.06.025.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cunha, S.C.; Kalachova, K.; Pulkrabova, J.; Fernandes, J.O.; Oliveira, M.B.P.P.; Alves, A.; Hajslova, J. Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) contents in house and car dust of Portugal by pressurized liquid extraction (PLE) and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC/MS). Chemosphere. 2010, 78, 1263–1271. doi:10.1016/j.chemosphere.2009.12.037.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Toms, L-M.L.; Hearn, L.; Kennedy, K.; Harden, F.; Bartkow, M. Concentrations of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) in matched samples of human milk, dust and indoor air. Environ. Int. 2009, 35, 864–869. doi:10.1016/j.envint.2009.03.001.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Toms, L.-M.L.; Bartkow, M.E.; Symons, R.; Paepke, O.; Mueller, J.F. Assessment of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) in samples collected from indoor environments in South East Queensland, Australia. Chemosphere. 2009, 76, 173–178. doi:10.1016/j.chemosphere.2009.03.057.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Al-Omran, L.S.; Harrad, S. Polybrominated diphenyl ethers and “novel” brominated flame retardants in floor and elevated surface house dust from Iraq: Implications for human exposure assessment. Emerg. Contam. 2016, 2, 7–13. doi:10.1016/j.emcon.2015.10.001.
   Google Scholar
• Ali, N.; Eqani, S.A.M. A.S.; Ismail, I.M. I.; Malarvannan, G.; Kadi, M.W.; Albar, H.M.S.; Rehan, M.; Covaci, A. Brominated and organophosphate flame retardants in indoor dust of Jeddah, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia: Implications for human exposure. Sci. Total Environ. 2016, 569–570, 269–277. doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2016.06.093.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gevao, B.; Al-Bahloul, M.; Al-Ghadban, A.N.; Al-Omair, A.; Ali, L.; Zafar, J.; Helaleh, M. House dust as a source of human exposure to polybrominated diphenyl ethers in Kuwait. Chemosphere. 2006, 64, 603–608. doi:10.1016/j.chemosphere.2005.11.055.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sun, J.; Wang, Q.; Zhuang, S.; Zhang, A. Occurrence of polybrominated diphenyl ethers in indoor air and dust in Hangzhou, China: Level, role of electric appliances, and human exposure. Environ. Pollut. 2016, 218, 942–949. doi:10.1016/j.envpol.2016.08.042.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tan, J.; Cheng, S.M.; Loganath, A.; Chong, Y.S.; Obbard, J.P. Polybrominated diphenyl ethers in house dust in Singapore. Chemosphere 2007, 66, 985–992. doi:10.1016/j.chemosphere.2006.07.052.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Takigami, H.; Suzuki, G.; Hirai, Y.; Sakai, S.-I. Brominated flame retardants and other polyhalogenated compounds in indoor air and dust from two houses in Japan. Chemosphere 2009, 76, 270–277. doi:10.1016/j.chemosphere.2009.03.006.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hassan, Y.; Shoeib, T. Levels of polybrominated diphenyl ethers and novel flame retardants in microenvironment dust from Egypt: An assessment of human exposure. Sci. Total Environ. 2015, 505, 47–55. doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2014.09.080.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lagalante, A.F.; Oswald, T.D.; Calvosa, F.C. Polybrominated diphenyl ether (PBDE) levels in dust from previously owned automobiles at United States dealerships. Environ. Int. 2009, 35, 539–544. doi:10.1016/j.envint.2008.09.011.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lagalante, A.F.; Shedden, C.S.; Greenbacker, P.W. Levels of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) in dust from personal automobiles in conjunction with studies on the photochemical degradation of decabromodiphenyl ether (BDE-209). Environ. Int. 2011, 37, 899–906. doi:10.1016/j.envint.2011.03.007.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Muenhor, D.; Harrad, S. Within-room and within-building temporal and spatial variations in concentrations of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) in indoor dust. Environ. Int. 2012, 47, 23–27. doi:10.1016/j.envint.2012.06.001.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Harrad, S.; Hazrati, S.; Ibarra, C. Concentrations of polychlorinated biphenyls in indoor air and polybrominated diphenyl ethers in indoor air and dust in Birmingham, United Kingdom: Implications for human exposure. Environ. Sci. Technol. 2006, 40(15), 4633–4638. doi:10.1021/es0609147.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• World Health Organization (WHO) Regional Office for South-East Asia. Country Health System Profile, Thailand-Trends in socio-economic development; WHO, 2007.
   Google Scholar
• Folk Doctor Foundation. Encyclopedia for raising children: Volume 1, Folk Doctor Publishing: Bangkok, Thailand, 2009.
   Google Scholar
• United States Environmental Protection Agency (US EPA). IRIS Chemical Assessment Summary 2,2′,4,4′,5-Pentabromodiphenyl ether(BDE-99); CASRN 60348-60-9; US EPA: Washington, D.C., The United States, 2008. Available online: https://cfpub.epa.gov/ncea/iris/iris_documents/documents/subst/1008_summary.pdf (accessed: 29 Jun. 2017).
   Google Scholar