Combined chemically enhanced primary sedimentation and biofiltration process for low cost municipal wastewater treatment

References

• Miller, G.-W. Integrated Concepts in Water Reuse: managing Global Water Needs. Desalination 2006, 187, 65–75.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pasqualino, J.-C.; Meneses, M.; Castells, F. Life Cycle Assessment of Urban Wastewater Reclamation and Reuse Alternatives. J. Ind. Ecol. 2011, 15, 49–63. DOI:10.1111/j.1530-9290.2010.00293.x.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shon, H.-K.; Vigneswaran, S.; Kim, I.-S.; Cho, J.; Ngo, H.-H. The Effect of Pretreatment to Ultrafiltration of Biologically Treated Sewage Effluent: A Detailed Effluent Organic Matter (EfOM) Characterization. Water Res. 2004, 38, 1933–1939. DOI:10.1016/j.watres.2004.01.015.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sarparastzadeh, H.; Saeedi, M.; Naeimpoor, F.; Aminzadeh, B. Pretreatment of Municipal Wastewater by Enhanced Chemical Coagulation. Int. J. Environ. Res. 2007, 1, 104–113.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lansdell, M. 15 Years of Practical Sewage Treatment in Venezuela. Water Sci. Technol. 1996, 33, 39–46. DOI:10.2166/wst.1996.0057.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• De Feo, G.; Galasso, M.; Landi, R.; Donnarumma, A.; De Gisi, S. A Comparison of the Efficacy of Organic and Mixed-Organic Polymers with Polyaluminium Chloride in Chemically Assisted Primary Sedimentation (CAPS). Environ. Technol. 2013, 34, 1297–1305. DOI:10.1080/09593330.2012.745622.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ayoub, M.; Afify, H.; Abdelfattah, A. Chemically Enhanced Primary Treatment of Sewage Using the Recovered Alum from Water Treatment Sludge in a Model of Hydraulic Clari-Flocculator. J. Water Process Eng. 2017, 19, 133–138. DOI:10.1016/j.jwpe.2017.07.014.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ahmed, S.-A.-R. Fast- Track Evaluation of a Compact Chemically Enhanced- Trickling Filter System. Braz. J. Chem. Eng. 2007, 24, 171–184. DOI:10.1590/S0104-66322007000200002.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Li, W.; Zhang, X.; Li, X.; Lee, J.-H.-W. Mystery of the High Chlorine Consumption in Disinfecting a Chemically Enhanced Primary Saline Sewage. Water Res. 2018, 145, 181–189. DOI:10.1016/j.watres.2018.08.031.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chagnon, F.; Harleman, D.-R. An Introduction to Chemically Enhanced Primary Treatment; MIT: Cambridge, 2002.
   Google Scholar
• Haydar, S.; Aziz, J.-A. Coagulation-Flocculation Studies of Tannery Wastewater Using Combination of Alum with Cationic and Anionic Polymers. J. Hazard. Mater. 2009, 168, 1035–1040. DOI:10.1016/j.jhazmat.2009.02.140.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Xu, G.-R.; Yan, Z.-C.; Wang, Y.-C.; Wang, N. Recycle of Alum Recovered from Water Treatment Sludge in Chemically Enhanced Primary Treatment. J. Hazard. Mater. 2009, 161, 663–669. DOI:10.1016/j.jhazmat.2008.04.008.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Daigger, G.-T.; Boltz, J.-P. Trickling Filter and Trickling Filter-Suspended Growth Process Design and Operation: A State-of-the-Art Review. Water Environ. Res. 2011, 83, 388–404. DOI:10.2175/106143010X12681059117210.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lewandowski, G.-A.; Filippi, L.-D. Biological Treatment of Hazardous Waste; Wiley, New York, 1998.
   Google Scholar
• Rasool, T.; Rehman, A.; Naz, I.; Ullah, R.; Ahmed, S. Efficiency of a Locally Designed Pilot-Scale Trickling Biofilter (TBF) System in Natural Environment for the Treatment of Domestic Wastewater. Environ. Technol. 2018, 39, 1295–1306. DOI:10.1080/09593330.2017.1329346.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tchobanoglous, G.; Burton, F.-L.; Stensel, H.-D. Wastewater Engineering: Treatment and Reuse; 4th edn, McGraw-Hill, New York, 2003.
   Google Scholar
• Abou-Elela, S.-I.; Hellal, M.-S.; Aly, O.-H.; Abo-Elenin, S.-A. Decentralized Wastewater Treatment Using Passively Aerated Biological Filter. Environ. Technol. 2019, 40, 250–260. DOI:10.1080/09593330.2017.1385648.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bezirgiannidis, A.; Plesia, A.; Melidis, P.; Ntougias, S.; Diamantis, V.; Aivasidis, A. Pilot-scale chemically enhanced sewage pre-concentration, Presented at 4^th International Conference on Small and decentralized water and wastewater treatment plants, Volos, Greece, October 25–27, 2013.
   Google Scholar
• Clesceri, L.-S.; Greenberg, A.-E.; Eaton, A.-D. Standard Methods for the Examination of Water and Wastewater; American Public Health Association (APHA), Washington, 1998.
   Google Scholar
• Li, Y.; Tang, F.; Zhao, Q.; Hu, K. Domestic Wastewater Treatment with CEPT- Wetlands Process. Int J Environ Pollut. 2011, 45, 186–196. DOI:10.1504/IJEP.2011.039095.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kuai, L.; Kerstens, W.; Cuong, N.-P.; Verstraete, W. Treatment of Domestic Wastewater by Enhanced Primary Decantation and Subsequent Naturally Ventilated Trickling Filtration. Water Air Soil Pollut. 1999, 113, 43–62. DOI:10.1023/A:1005069523065.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lu, L.; Gao, B.-Y.; Xu, C.-H.; Yue, Q.-Y.; Cao, B.-C.; Xu, S.-P.; Li, W.-W. Municipal Wastewater Treatment Using a Composite Flocculant Made of Polyaluminum Chloride and Polydimethyldiallyammonium Chloride. Huanjing Kexue 2007, 28, 2035–2040.
   Google Scholar
• Jordão, E.-P.; Volschan, I. Cost-effective solutions for sewage treatment in developing countries-the case of Brazil. Water Sci. Technol. 2004, 50, 237–242.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Aiyuk, S.; Amoako, J.; Raskin, L.; Van Haandel, A.; Verstraete, W. Removal of Carbon and Nutrients from Domestic Wastewater Using a Low Investment, Integrated Treatment Concept. Water Res. 2004, 38, 3031–3042. DOI:10.1016/j.watres.2004.04.040.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Song, Z.; Williams, C.-J.; Edyvean, R.-G.-J. Treatment of Tannery Wastewater by Chemical Coagulation. Desalination 2004, 164, 249–259. DOI:10.1016/S0011-9164(04)00193-6.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mahvi, A.-H.; Vaezi, F.; Balodor, A.; Nasseri, S. Pilot- Plant Testing of a CEPT System Application for the Largest Industrial Complex in Iran. J. Appl. Sci. 2005, 5, 177–181. DOI:10.3923/jas.2005.177.181.
   Google Scholar
• Zhao, Q.-L.; Zhong, H.-Y.; Liu, J.-L.; Liu, Y. Integrated Coagulation- Trickling Filter-Ultrafiltration Processes for Domestic Wastewater Treatment and Reclamation. Water Sci. Technol. 2012, 65, 1599–1605. DOI:10.2166/wst.2012.051.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Khan, A.-R.; Min, K.-S.; Mumtaz; Marwat, G.-A. Effluent Recirculation in Slag Media Trickling Filter for Enhanced Organic and Nitrogen Removal. J. Chem. Soc. Pak. 2005, 27, 429–436.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Barnard, J.-L. Activated Primary Tanks for Phosphate Removal. Water S.A. 1984, 10, 121–126.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mahmoued, E.-K. Application of Cement Kiln Dust for Chemically Enhanced Primary Treatment of Municipal Wastewater. Desalin. Water Treat. 2014, 52, 4698–4704. DOI:10.1080/19443994.2013.810384.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar