Chronic cadmium exposure and cardiovascular disease in adults

References

• Nordberg, G. F.; Fowler, B. A.; Nordberg, M. Handbook on the Toxicology of Metals; Academic press, 2014.
   Google Scholar
• Lewis, G.; Coughlin, L.; Jusko, W.; Hartz, S. Contribution of Cigarette Smoking to Cadmium Accumulation in Man. Lancet 1972, 299, 291–292. DOI: 10.1016/S0140-6736(72)90294-2.
   Google Scholar
• Hengstler, J. G.; Bolm-Audorff, U.; Faldum, A.; Janssen, K.; Reifenrath, M.; Götte, W.; Jung, D.; Mayer-Popken, O.; Fuchs, J.; Gebhard, S. Occupational Exposure to Heavy Metals: DNA Damage Induction and DNA Repair Inhibition Prove co-Exposures to Cadmium, Cobalt and Lead as More Dangerous than Hitherto Expected. Carcinogenesis 2003, 24, 63–73. DOI: 10.1093/carcin/24.1.63.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McLaughlin, M. J.; Singh, B. R. Cadmium in Soils and Plants. In Cadmium in Soils and Plants; Springer; 1999; 1–9.
   Google Scholar
• Wang, Y.; Ji, X.; Dai, S.; Liu, H.; Yan, D.; Zhou, Y.; Gu, J.; Shi, H. Cadmium Induced Redistribution of Cholesterol by Upregulating ABCA1 and Downregulating OSBP. J. Inorg. Biochem. 2018, 189, 199–207. DOI: 10.1016/j.jinorgbio.2018.09.016.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tellez-Plaza, M.; Guallar, E.; Howard, B. V.; Umans, J. G.; Francesconi, K. A.; Goessler, W.; Silbergeld, E. K.; Devereux, R. B.; Navas-Acien, A. Cadmium Exposure and Incident Cardiovascular Disease. Epidemiology (Cambridge, Mass.) 2013, 24, 421–429. DOI: 10.1097/EDE.0b013e31828b0631.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Messner, B.; Bernhard, D. Cadmium and Cardiovascular Diseases: Cell Biology, Pathophysiology, and Epidemiological Relevance. Biometals. 2010, 23, 811–822. DOI: 10.1007/s10534-010-9314-4.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kochanek, K. D.; Murphy, S. L.; Xu, J.; Arias, E. Deaths: Final Data for 2017; 2019.
   Google Scholar
• Benjamin, E. J.; Muntner, P.; Alonso, A.; Bittencourt, M. S.; Callaway, C. W.; Carson, A. P.; Chamberlain, A. M.; Chang, A. R.; Cheng, S.; Das, S. R.; Delling, F. N.; Djousse, L. Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics-2019 Update: A Report from the American Heart Association. Circulation 2019, 139, e56–e528.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• (WHO), W.H.O. 2017.
   Google Scholar
• Manninen, V.; Tenkanen, L.; Koskinen, P.; Huttunen, J.; Mänttäri, M.; Heinonen, O.; Frick, M. Joint Effects of Serum Triglyceride and LDL Cholesterol and HDL Cholesterol Concentrations on Coronary Heart Disease Risk in the Helsinki Heart Study. Implications for Treatment. Circulation 1992, 85, 37–45. DOI: 10.1161/01.CIR.85.1.37.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lu, W.; Resnick, H. E.; Jablonski, K. A.; Jones, K. L.; Jain, A. K.; Howard, W. J.; Robbins, D. C.; Howard, B. V. Non-HDL Cholesterol as a Predictor of Cardiovascular Disease in Type 2 Diabetes: The Strong Heart Study. Diabetes Care 2003, 26, 16–23. DOI: 10.2337/diacare.26.1.16.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• (CDC), A.f.T.S.a.D.R., ToxGuide for Cadmium; 2012.
   Google Scholar
• Järup, L. Cadmium Overload and Toxicity. Nephrol. Dial. Transpl. 2002, 17, 35–39. DOI: 10.1093/ndt/17.suppl_2.35.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stohs, S. J.; Bagchi, D.; Hassoun, E.; Bagchi, M. Oxidative Mechanisms in the Toxicity of Chromium and Cadmium Ions. J. Environ. Pathol. Toxicol. Oncol. 2000, 19, 201–213. DOI: 10.1615/JEnvironPatholToxicolOncol.v20.i2.10.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Rogalska, J.; Brzóska, M. M.; Roszczenko, A.; Moniuszko-Jakoniuk, J. Enhanced Zinc Consumption Prevents Cadmium-Induced Alterations in Lipid Metabolism in Male Rats. Chem. Biol. Interact. 2009, 177, 142–152. DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2008.09.011.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lin, Y.-S.; Rathod, D.; Ho, W.-C.; Caffrey, J. J. Cadmium Exposure is Associated with Elevated Blood C-Reactive Protein and Fibrinogen in the US Population: The Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES III, 1988–1994). Ann. Epidemiol. 2009, 19, 592–596. DOI: 10.1016/j.annepidem.2009.02.005.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Xie, X.; Wang, N.; Liu, Y. Gender Disparities in the Associations of Behavioral Factors, Serious Psychological Distress and Chronic Diseases with Type 2 Diabetes Screening among US Adults. Glob. Health Res. Policy. 2018, 3, 9. DOI: 10.1186/s41256-018-0065-z.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Obeng-Gyasi, E. Lead Exposure and Cardiovascular Disease among Young and Middle-Aged Adults. Med. Sci. 2019, 7, 103. DOI: 10.3390/medsci7110103.
   Google Scholar
• Slack, M. K.; Chavez, R.; Trinh, D.; De Dios, D. V.; Lee, J. An Observational Study of Pain Self-Management Strategies and Outcomes: does Type of Pain, Age, or Gender, Matter? Scan. J. Pain 2018, 18, 645–656. DOI: 10.1515/sjpain-2018-0070.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mifsud, M.; Eskander, A.; Irish, J.; Gullane, P.; Gilbert, R.; Brown, D.; de Almeida, J. R.; Urbach, D. R.; Goldstein, D. P. Evolving Trends in Head and Neck Cancer Epidemiology: Ontario, Canada 1993‐2010. Head Neck 2017, 39, 1770–1778. DOI: 10.1002/hed.24829.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Trzcinka-Ochocka, M.; Jakubowski, M.; Razniewska, G.; Halatek, T.; Gazewski, A. The Effects of Environmental Cadmium Exposure on Kidney Function: The Possible Influence of Age. Environ. Res. 2004, 95, 143–150. DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2003.10.003.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nishijo, M.; Satarug, S.; Honda, R.; Tsuritani, I.; Aoshima, K. The Gender Differences in Health Effects of Environmental Cadmium Exposure and Potential Mechanisms. Mol. Cell. Biochem. 2004, 255, 87–92. DOI: 10.1023/B:MCBI.0000007264.37170.39.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Park, S. S.; Skaar, D. A.; Jirtle, R. L.; Hoyo, C. Epigenetics, Obesity and Early-Life Cadmium or Lead Exposure. Epigenomics 2017, 9, 57–75. DOI: 10.2217/epi-2016-0047.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shoham, D. A.; Vupputuri, S.; Kshirsagar, A. V. Chronic Kidney Disease and Life Course Socioeconomic Status: A Review. Adv. Chronic Kidney Dis. 2005, 12, 56–63. DOI: 10.1053/j.ackd.2004.10.007.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mijal, R. S.; Holzman, C. B. Blood Cadmium Levels in Women of Childbearing Age Vary by Race/Ethnicity. Environ. Res. 2010, 110, 505–512. DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2010.02.007.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Grasmick, C.; Huel, G.; Moreau, T.; Sarmini, H. The Combined Effect of Tobacco and Alcohol Consumption on the Level of Lead and Cadmium in Blood. Sci. Total Environ. 1985, 41, 207–217. DOI: 10.1016/0048-9697(85)90142-1.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Obeng-Gyasi, E. Lead Exposure and Oxidative Stress—A Life Course Approach in U.S. Adults. Toxics. 2018, 6, 42. DOI: 10.3390/toxics6030042.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kuh, D.; Shlomo, Y. B. A Life Course Approach to Chronic Disease Epidemiology; Oxford University Press, 2004.
   Google Scholar
• Kippler, M.; Hossain, M. B.; Lindh, C.; Moore, S. E.; Kabir, I.; Vahter, M.; Broberg, K. Early Life Low-Level Cadmium Exposure is Positively Associated with Increased Oxidative Stress. Environ. Res. 2012, 112, 164–170. DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2011.11.012.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fagerberg, B.; Bergström, G.; Borén, J.; Barregard, L. Cadmium Exposure is Accompanied by Increased Prevalence and Future Growth of Atherosclerotic Plaques in 64‐Year‐Old Women. J. Intern. Med. 2012, 272, 601–610. DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2796.2012.02578.x.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Obeng-Gyasi, E.; Armijos, R. X.; Weigel, M. M.; Filippelli, G. M.; Sayegh, M. A. Cardiovascular-Related Outcomes in US Adults Exposed to Lead. IJERPH. 2018, 15, 759. DOI: 10.3390/ijerph15040759.
   Google Scholar
• Nigra, A. E.; Ruiz-Hernandez, A.; Redon, J.; Navas-Acien, A.; Tellez-Plaza, M. Environmental Metals and Cardiovascular Disease in Adults: A Systematic Review beyond Lead and Cadmium. Curr. Envir. Health Rpt. 2016, 3, 416–433. DOI: 10.1007/s40572-016-0117-9.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Zhou, Z.; Lu, Y-h.; Pi, H-f.; Gao, P.; Li, M.; Zhang, L.; Pei, L-p.; Mei, X.; Liu, L.; Zhao, Q.; et al. Cadmium Exposure is Associated with the Prevalence of Dyslipidemia. Cell. Physiol. Biochem. 2016, 40, 633–643. DOI: 10.1159/000452576.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Kim, K. Blood Cadmium Concentration and Lipid Profile in Korean Adults. Environ. Res. 2012, 112, 225–229. DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2011.12.008.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar