Nickel release from metal items in contact with skin: a comparison of methods and practical implications for regulation in Europe

References

• Andersen, K. E.; White, I. R.; Goossens, A. Allergens from the European Baseline Series. In Contact Dermatitis, 5th ed.; Duus Johansen, J., Frosch, P. J., Lepoittevin, J-P., Eds.; Springer-Verlag: Berlin, 2011, pp 545–590.
   Google Scholar
• Silverberg, N. B.; Pelletier, J. L.; Jacob, S. E.; Schneider, L. C.; Cohen, B.; Horii, K. A.; Kristal, L.; Maguiness, S. M.; Tollefson, M. M.; Weinstein, M. G.; et al. Nickel Allergic Contact Dermatitis: Identification, Treatment, and Prevention. Pediatrics 2020, 145, e20200628. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1542/peds.2020-0628.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schnuch, A.; Wolter, J.; Geier, J.; Uter, W. Nickel Allergy Is Still Frequent in Young German Females—Probably Because of Insufficient Protection from Nickel-Releasing Objects. Contact Dermatitis. 2011, 64, 142–150. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0536.2010.01841.x.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pavesi, T.; Moreira, J. C. A Comprehensive Study of Nickel Levels in Everyday Items in Brazil. Contact Dermatitis. 2020, 83, 88–93. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/cod.13534.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Heim, K. E.; McKean, B. A. Children's Clothing Fasteners as a Potential Source of Exposure to Releasable Nickel Ions. Contact Dermatitis. 2009, 60, 100–105. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0536.2008.01487.x.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Symanzik, C.; Skudlik, C.; John, S. M. Experimental Evaluation of Nickel and Cobalt Release from Tools and Self-Reported Prevalence of Nickel and Cobalt Allergy in the German Hairdressing Trade. J. Eur. Acad. Dermatol. Venereol. 2021, 35, 965–972. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/jdv.17058.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jensen, P.; Hamann, D.; Hamann, C. R.; Jellesen, M. S.; Jacob, S. E.; Thyssen, J. P. Nickel and Cobalt Release from Children’s Toys Purchased in Denmark and the United States. Dermatitis 2014, 25, 356–365. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1097/DER.0000000000000084.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gumulka, M.; Matura, M.; Lidén, C.; Kettelarij, J. A. B.; Julander, A. Nickel Exposure When Working out in the Gym. Acta Derm. Venereol. 2015, 95, 247–249. DOI: https://doi.org/10.2340/00015555-1917.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pouzar, M.; Schmidt, M.; Krejčová, A.; Černohorský, T. Nickel Release from Piercing Jewellry. SRX Chem. 2010, 2010, 1–6. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3814/2010/769070.
   Google Scholar
• Zhai, H.; Chew, A. L.; Bashir, S. J.; Reagan, K. E.; Hostynek, J. J.; Maibach, H. I. Provocative Use Test of Nickel Coins in Nickel-Sensitized Subjects and Controls. Br. J. Dermatol. 2003, 149, 311–317. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2133.2003.05266.x.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Council of the European Union, European Parliament. European Parliament and Council Directive 94/27/EC, of 30 June 1994 Amending for the 12th Time Directive 76/769/EEC on the Approximation of the Laws, Regulations and Administrative Provisions of the Member States Relating to Restrictions on the Marketing and Use of Certain Dangerous Substances and Preparations. Official Journal of the European Communities. 1994, L 188:1–2.
   Google Scholar
• European Parliament, council of the European Union. Regulation No 1907/2006 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 18 December 2006 concerning the Registration, Evaluation, Authorisation and Restriction of Chemicals (REACH), establishing a European Chemicals Agency, amending Directive 1999/45/EC and repealing Council Regulation (EEC) No 793/93 and Commission Regulation (EC) No 1488/94 as Well as Council Directive 76/769/EEC and Commission Directives 91/155/EEC, 93/67/EEC, 93/105/EC and 2000/21/EC. Official Journal of the European Union. 2006, L 136/3.
   Google Scholar
• Cristaudo, A.; Petrucci, F.; Giannarelli, D.; Cercato, M. C.; Orsini, D.; Morrone, A.; Bocca, B. Nickel Dermatitis from Earrings 15 Years after EU Directive Implementation: A Clinical-Epidemiological Study and a Market Survey in Rome. J. Eur. Acad. Dermatol. Venereol. 2019, 33, 1928–1934. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/jdv.15650.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ahlström, M. G.; Menné, T.; Thyssen, J. P.; Johansen, J. D. Nickel Allergy in a Danish Population 25 Years after the First Nickel Regulation. Contact Dermatitis. 2017, 76, 325–332. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/cod.12782.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Thyssen, J. P. Nickel and Cobalt Allergy before and after Nickel Regulation—Evaluation of a Public Health Intervention. Contact Dermatitis 2011, 65, 1–68. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0536.2011.01957.x.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Luis, P.; Carducci, C. N. Improved Spot Test for Thraces of Nickel with Dimethylglyoxime in the Presence of Interferences. Mikrochim. Acta 1971, 59, 124–130. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01216893.
   Google Scholar
• Thyssen, J. P.; Skare, L.; Lundgren, L.; Menné, T.; Johansen, J. D.; Maibach, H. I.; Lidén, C. Sensitivity and Specificity of the Nickel Spot (Dimethylglyoxime) Test. Contact Dermatitis. 2010, 62, 279–288. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0536.2010.01709.x.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wennervaldt, M.; Ahlström, M. G.; Menné, T.; Thyssen, J. P.; Johansen, J. D. Nickel Release from Metallic Earrings: A Survey of the Danish Market and Validation of the Nickel Spot Test. Contact Dermatitis 2021, 85, 178–178. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/cod.13832.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• European Committee for Standardization (CEN). Reference Test Method for Release of Nickel from all Post Assemblies which Are Inserted into Pierced Parts of the Human Body and Articles Intended to Come into Direct and Prolonged Contact with the Skin. CEN, EN 1811:2011 + A1:2015. 2015.
   Google Scholar
• European Committee for Standardization (CEN). Ophthalmic Optics—Reference Method for the Testing of Spectacle Frames and Sunglasses for Nickel Release. CEN, EN 16128:2015 2015.
   Google Scholar
• European Committee for Standardization (CEN). Method for the simulation of accelerated wear and corrosion for the detection of nickel release from coated items. CEN, EN 12472 + A1:2009. 2009.
   Google Scholar
• Visser, R. G. Results of Proficiency Test Nickel Release May 2017. Organised by: Institute for Interlaboratory Studies Spijkenisse, the Netherlands, iis17V03, August 2017. https://iisnl.com/pdf/iis17V03.pdf (accessed on-line in Jun 2021).
   Google Scholar